The 2005 Garrod lecture: The changing access of patients to antibiotics - For better or worse?

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

Volumn 59, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 333-341

  Reeves, David ^a  

^a SOUTHMEAD HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antibiotic resistance; Prescribing; Reclassification; Self medication

Indexed keywords

AMPICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; CHLORAMPHENICOL; EYE DROPS; FOSFOMYCIN; NON PRESCRIPTION DRUG; PSEUDOMONIC ACID; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RIFAMPICIN; SIMVASTATIN; TETRACYCLINE; TRIMETHOPRIM; ZIDOVUDINE;

ADVISORY COMMITTEE; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ARTICLE; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; CONSULTATION; COST CONTROL; CYSTITIS; DRUG CLASSIFICATION; DRUG COST; DRUG FORMULARY; DRUG LEGISLATION; DRUG MARKETING; ESCHERICHIA COLI; EUROPEAN UNION; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HEALTH CARE AVAILABILITY; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HEALTH PRACTITIONER; INTERNET; NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE; NURSE PRACTITIONER; ONLINE SYSTEM; PHARMACEUTICAL CARE; PHARMACIST; PRESCRIPTION; PREVALENCE; SELF MEDICATION; UNITED KINGDOM; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; DRUG UTILIZATION; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HUMAN; NURSE;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; DRUG UTILIZATION; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; NURSES; PHARMACISTS; PRESCRIPTIONS, DRUG;

EID: 34248154762     PISSN: 03057453     EISSN: 14602091     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkl502     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Reeves DS, Finch RG, Bax RP et al. Self-medication of antibacterials without prescription (also called 'over-the-counter' use): A report of a Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 44: 163-77.
2. House of Lords, Science and Technology - Seventh Report (1998). Chapter 2: Prudent use in human medicine. Over-the-counter (OTC) antibiotics http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ ld199798/ldselect/ldsctech/081vii/st0705.htm (22 June 2006, date last accessed).
3. BBC News 10/9/98. EU calls for action over antibiotics. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/background_briefings/antibiotics/ 168604.stm (22 June 2006, date last accessed).
4. EU Economic and Social Committee. Resistance to antibiotics as a threat to public health. Official Journal of the European Communities. 28/ 12/98 C404/7. http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/1998/c_407/ c_40719981228en00070017.pdf (22 June 2006, date last accessed).
5. Wanless Report, 2002. Securing our Future Health: Taking a Long-term View. http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/Consultations_and_Legislation/ wanless/consult_wanless_final.cfm (22 June 2006, date last accessed).
6. Securing Good Health for the Whole Population: Final Report - February 2004. http://www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/ Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/ Publications_PolicyAndGuidanceArticle/fs/ en?CONTENT_ID=4074426&chk=c4gJvj (22 June 2006, date last accessed).
7. Review of prescribing, supply and administration of medicines, 1999. http://www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/Publications/ PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidanceArticle/fs/ en?CONTENT_ID=4077151&chk=LKaIV4 (22 June 2006, date last accessed).
8. Building on the Best: Choice, Responsiveness and Equity in the NHS - response document 9/12/2003 http://www.dh.gov.uk/Consultations/ ResponsesToConsultations/ResponsesToConsultationsDocumentSummary/fs/ en?CONTENT_ID=4068391&chk=K21%2BzZ (22 June 2006, date last accessed).
9. MHRA (2006). Legal Status and Reclassification. http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/idcplg?ldcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeld=107 (22 June 2006, date last accessed).
10. MHRA (2002). The reclassification strategy group. http://www.mhra.gov.uk/ home/groups/pl-a/documents/websiteresources/con1004382.pdf (22 June 2006, date last accessed).
11. MHRA guidance on the application for exclusivity for change in legal status of a medicine. http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/
12. MHRA. The Blue Guide: Advertising and Promotion of Medicines in the UK. http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/idcplg?ldcService=GET_FILE&dID= 17736&noSaveAs=1&Rendition=WEB (22 June 2006, date last accessed).
13. PAGB. Recent regulatory developments affecting the OTC sector. http://www.pagb.co.uk/pagb/primarysections/selfcare/ regulatoryinselfcare.htm (22 June 2006, date last accessed).
14. MHRA Business Plan for 2004-5, p. 3. http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/idcplg? ldcService=GET_FILE&dID=1476&noSaveAs=0&Rendition=WEB (1 November 2006, date last accessed).
15. MHRA Business Plan for 2005-6, p. 16. http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/idcplg? ldcService=GET_FILE&dlD=12344&noSaveAs=1&Rendition=WEB (1 November 2006, date last accessed).
16. PAGB. Annual Self-Care Review 2005: Self-Care: Realising the Vision http://www.pagb.co.uk/pagb/primarysections/selfcare/ publications.htm (22 June 2006, date last accessed).
17. MHRA (2005). Antibiotic eye drops available over the counter. http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/
18. MHRA (6/7/05). Request to reclassify a product from POM to P. http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/
19. MCA (2002). Proposals for supplementary prescribing by nurses and pharmacists and proposed amendments to the prescription only medicines (human use) order 1997. http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/
20. Hilpern K. A financial health check. What does it take to acquire the business acumen needed to run your own pharmacy? The Independent. 22/9/05. http://education.independent.co.uk/careers_advice/ article314163.ece (23 June 2006, date last accessed.
21. Department of Health (10/11/05). Background to non-medical prescribing. http://www.dh.gov.uk/PolicyAndGuidance/MedicinesPharmacyAndIndustry/ Prescriptions/NonmedicalPrescribing/NonmedicalPrescribingArticle/fs/ en?CONTENT_ID=4122998&chk=54RtN2 (22 June 2006, date last accessed).
22. Department of Health (10/5/05). Supplementary Prescribing by Nurses, Pharmacists, Chiropodists/Podiatrists, Physiotherapists and Radiographers within the NHS in England: A guide for implementation (section: Background to non-medical prescribing) - updated May 2005. http://www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/Publications/ PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidanceArticle/fs/ en?CONTENT_ID=4110032&chk=c4V6nR (1 November 2006, date last accessed).
23. Department of Health (2006). The Non-Medical Prescribing Programme http://www.dh.gov.uk/PolicyAndGuidance/MedicinesPharmacyAndIndustry/ Prescriptions/NonmedicalPrescribing/fs/en (23 June 2006, date last accessed).
24. Department of Health (2005). Background to non-medical prescribing. http://www.dh.gov.uk/PolicyAndGuidance/ModicinesPharmacyAndIndustry/ Prescriptions/NonmedicalPrescribing/NonmedicalPrescribingArticle/fs/ en?CONTENT_ID=4122998&chk=54RtN2 (13 November 2006, date last accessed).
25. Department of Health (2006). Independent nurse prescribing. http://www.dh.gov.uk/PolicyAndGuidance/MadicinesPharmacyAndIndustry/ Prescriptions/NonmedicalPrescribing/NursePrescribing/fs/en (23 June 2006, date last accessed).
26. Avery AJ, Pringle M. Extended prescribing by UK nurses and pharmacists. BMJ 2005; 331: 1154-5.
27. Connelly D. Independent prescribing: Pharmacists are given flexibility of a full formulary. Pharm J; 2005: 275: 627-8. http://www.pjonline.com/pdt/news/pj_20051119_independent.pdf (23 June 2006, date last accessed)
28. MHRA (2006). Patient group directions in the NHS. http://www.mhra.gov.uk/ home/idcplg?ldcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeld=148 (23 June2006, date last accessed).
29. NeLM (2006). Patient Group Directions website. http://www.portal.nelm.nhs.uk/PGD/navigate.aspx?categoryid=82191 (23 June 2006, date last accessed).
30. Non-medical prescribing. Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin 2006; 44: 33-7.
31. Johnson B. 10 m households in Britain have broadband internet access. Guardian Unlimited 2006. http://technology.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1856878,00.html (28 September 2006, date last accessed).
32. Broadband Consumer Survey. Point Topic Ltd. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/ technology/6041446.stm (19 October 2006, date last accessed).
33. Global Health. http://www.naturespottery.com/ GlobalHealth-OnlinePharmacies.htm (23 June 2006, date last accessed).
34. International Pharmacies. http://www.biopsychiatry.com/ online-pharmacies/ (23 June 2006, date last accessed).
35. Goff BJ, Koff JM, Geiling JA. Obtaining antibiotics without prescription. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 223.
36. Hickman M (2006). Russian roulette' of buying prescription drugs on the internet. The Independent. 22/6/06. http://news.independent.co.uk/ uk/health_medical/article1094701.ece (23 June 2006, date last accessed)
37. PR Newswire Europe Ltd. (2005). Illegal online pharmacies put patients at grave risk unless government takes action. 30/8/05. http://www.pmewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=152412 (23 June 2006, date last accessed).
38. Swinford S. Online doctors dole out drugs blind. The Sunday Times, 9/7/06. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,8122-2261743.html (28 September 2006, date last accessed).
39. Logo shows 'approved' drug sites. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/ 6120138.stm (12 November 2006, date last accessed).
40. News. OTC switching could save €16bn a year in Europe. Pharmaceut J 2004; 272: 728.
41. Dobson R. Statin prescribing fell after drug became available over the counter. BMJ 2006; 333: 569.
42. Carlin EM, Barton SE. How common is self-treatment in non gonoccocall urethritis? Genitourinary Med 1995; 71: 400-1.
43. Grigoryan L, Burgerhof J, Haaijer-Ruskamp F et al. Is self-medication with antibiotics in Europe driven by prescribed use? J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 59: 152-6.
44. Grigoryan L, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM, Burgerhof JGM et al. Self-medication with antimicrobial drugs in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12: 452-9.
45. Chretien JH, Esswein JG, McGarvey MA et al. Self-treatment with antibiotics. Hospital Formulary 1976; 11: 265-6.
46. Orero A, Ripoli MA, Gonzalez J. Análisis de automedicación de antibióicos en España. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica 1998; 16: 328-33.
47. Ceaser S, Wurtz R. "Leftover" antibiotics in the medicine cabinet. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133: 74.
48. Richman PB, Garra G, Eskin B et al. Oral antibiotic without consulting a physician: A survey of ED patients. Am J Emerg Med 2001; 19: 57-60.
49. Puczynski MS, Gonzalez J, O'Keefe JP et al. Self-treatment with antibiotics. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16: 1359-61.
50. Catalano M, Almiron MA, Romeo AM et al. Comparison between parental report and results of microbiologic agar assay for presence of antibiotic in urine of Argentinian children with acute lower respiratory tract infection. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12 Suppl 8: PS998-1000.
51. Department of Health (1998). Standing Medical Advisory Committee, Sub-Group on Antimicrobial Resistance. The path of Least Resistance http://www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/ Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/ PublicationsPolicyAndGuidanceArticle/fs/en?CONTENT_ID= 4009357&chk=87ei43 (23 June 2006, date last accessed)
52. NHS Business Services Authority. PACT Centre Pages - antibacterial drugs. http://www.ppa.org.uk//news/pact-102004.htm (23 June 2006, date last accessed)
53. Goettsch W, van Pelt W, Nagelkerke N et al. Increasing resistance to fluoroquinolones in Escherichia coli from urinary tract infections in The Netherlands. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 46 223-8.
54. Kahlmeter G. An international survey of the antimicrobial susceptibilities of pathogens from uncomplicated urinary tract infections: The ECO·SENS Project. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51: 69-76.
55. Magee JT, Pritchard EL, Fitzgerald KA et al. Antibiotic prescribing and antibiotic resistance in community practice: retrospective study, 1996-8. BMJ 1999; 319: 1239-40.
56. Priest P, Yudkin P, McNulty C et al. Antibacterial prescribing and antibacterial resistance in English general practice: Cross sectional survey. BMJ 2001; 323: 1037-41.
57. Livermore DM, Stephens P, Weinberg J et al. Regional variation in ampicillin and trimethoprim resistance in Escherichia coli in England from 1990-1997, in relation to antibacterial prescribing. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 46: 411-22.
58. Hillier SL, Magee JT, Howard AJ et al. How strong is the evidence that antibiotic use is a risk factor for antibiotic-resistant, community acquired urinary tract infection? J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 50: 241-7.
59. Steinke DT, Seaton RA, Phillips G et al. Factors associated with trimethoprim-resistant bacteria isolated from urine samples. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43: 841-3.
60. Steinke DT, Seaton RA, Phillips G et al. Prior trimethoprim use and trimethoprim-resistant urinary tract infection: A nested case-control study with multivariate analysis for other risk factors. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 47: 781-87.
61. Hay AD, Thomas M, Montgomery A et al. The relationship between primary care antibiotic prescribing and antibiotic resistance in adults in the community: A controlled observational study using individual patient data. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 56: 146-53.
62. Steinke D, Davey P. Association between antibiotic resistance and community prescribing: A critical review of bias and confounding in published studies. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33 Suppl 3: S193-205.
63. Weber JT, Courvalin P. An emptying quiver: Antimicrobial drugs and resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 6: 791-3.
64. Harbarth S, Samore MH. Antimicrobial resistance determinants and future control. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 6: 794-801.
65. Specialist Advisory Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance (SACAR). http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/sacar/index.htm (29 September 2006, date last accessed)
66. Andybiotic encourages responsible use of antibiotics. http://www.nics.gov.uk/press/hss/030514d-hss.htm (29 September 2006, date last accessed).
67. Antibiotics - Don't wear me out. http://www.dh.gov.uk/PolicyAndGuidance/ HealthAndSocialCareTopics/AntibioticResistance/ AntibioticResistanceGeneralInformation/ AntibioticResistanceGeneralArticle/fs/en?CONTENT_ID= 4131595&chk=qEgPQQ (29 September 2006, date last accessed)
68. Magee JT, Heginbothom ML, Mason BW. Finding a strategy: The case for co-operative research on resistance epidemiology. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 55: 628-33.