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Volumn 57, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 398-423

Reclaiming the stage: Amateur theater-studio audiences in the late Soviet era

(1)  Costanzo, Susan a  

a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 34248110301     PISSN: 00376779     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2501856     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (9)

References (115)
  • 1
    • 84909105429 scopus 로고
    • Benson, Vt.
    • See Aleksandr Gershkovich, Teatr na Taganke 1964-1984 (Benson, Vt., 1986). Ten Days that Shook the World (Desiat' dnei, kotorye potriasli mir) premiered in 1965.
    • (1986) Teatr na Taganke 1964-1984
    • Gershkovich, A.1
  • 2
    • 54749145475 scopus 로고
    • The Nature of the Soviet Audience: Theatrical Ideology and Audience Research in the 1920s
    • Robert Russell and Andrew Barratt, eds., Basingstoke, Eng.
    • Lars Kleberg discusses the debates surrounding techniques for analyzing audiences in the 1920s but offers little discussion of the actual audience responses. See "The Nature of the Soviet Audience: Theatrical Ideology and Audience Research in the 1920s," in Robert Russell and Andrew Barratt, eds., Russian Theatre in the Age of Modernism (Basingstoke, Eng., 1990), 172-95.
    • (1990) Russian Theatre in the Age of Modernism , pp. 172-195
  • 3
    • 54749152471 scopus 로고
    • Soviet Theater Audiences
    • December
    • A study of more recent audiences is based on incomplete data from a 1967-1968 survey of urban professional theater spectators conducted by the Soviet Ministry of Culture. The authors of the study acknowledge that spectators' responses were limited by the nature of the questionnaire. In addition, while asking respondents why they did not attend the theater more often, the study asks neither why they attended nor what they enjoyed about the performances. See Mikhail Deza and Mervyn Matthews, "Soviet Theater Audiences," Slavic Review 34, no. 4 (December 1975): 716-30.
    • (1975) Slavic Review , vol.34 , Issue.4 , pp. 716-730
    • Deza, M.1    Matthews, M.2
  • 7
    • 54749097535 scopus 로고
    • Novye formy vzaimodeistviia so zritelem v molodezhnykh teatrakh
    • Moscow
    • Examples of this approach to theater audiences include Gershkovich; L. P. Solntseva, "Novye formy vzaimodeistviia so zritelem v molodezhnykh teatrakh," in Narodnoe tvorchestvo v kul'ture razvitogo sotsialisticheskogo obshchestva (Moscow, 1984), 100-117;
    • (1984) Narodnoe Tvorchestvo v Kul'ture Razvitogo Sotsialisticheskogo Obshchestva , pp. 100-117
    • Solntseva, L.P.1
  • 9
    • 54749142864 scopus 로고
    • The Soviet Theatre in the 1980s: Amateur and Studio Performances
    • Robert Finlay, Philip Hill, and Bela Kiralyfalvi, ed., Washington D.C.
    • Alma Law has written extensively on Soviet theater. See her "The Soviet Theatre in the 1980s: Amateur and Studio Performances," in Robert Finlay, Philip Hill, and Bela Kiralyfalvi, ed., Theatre Perspectives No. 2: Contemporary Russian and Polish Theatre and Drama (Washington D.C., 1980), 21-28;
    • (1980) Theatre Perspectives No. 2: Contemporary Russian and Polish Theatre and Drama , pp. 21-28
  • 10
    • 54749140501 scopus 로고
    • Some Observations on the Soviet Theater Today
    • and Law, "Some Observations on the Soviet Theater Today," Soviet Union 12 (1985): 131-36;
    • (1985) Soviet Union , vol.12 , pp. 131-136
    • Law1
  • 13
    • 54749091320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In this context, "patrons" refer to ticket holders rather than to the influential "patrons" who used their positions in politics and the art world to protect studios. The latter were critical to a studio's ability to gain permission to stage controversial productions, but their function was different from that of average theatergoers.
  • 14
    • 0004245915 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • Comment books were more common, for instance, at art exhibits, but they have also received little scholarly attention. John Dunlop makes a brief observation regarding the content of comment books at a late 1970s exhibit of the works of Il'ia Glazunov, a Russian nationalist painter. See John Dunlop, The New Russian Nationalism (New York, 1985), 13.
    • (1985) The New Russian Nationalism , pp. 13
    • Dunlop, J.1
  • 15
    • 54749151456 scopus 로고
    • The Impact of Russian Popular Theatre, 1886-1915
    • June
    • One analysis of prerevolutionary audiences can be found in Gary Thurston, "The Impact of Russian Popular Theatre, 1886-1915," Journal of Modern History 55 (June 1983): 237-67.
    • (1983) Journal of Modern History , vol.55 , pp. 237-267
    • Thurston, G.1
  • 16
    • 54749103938 scopus 로고
    • William Packard, David Pickering, and Charlotte Savidge, eds., New York
    • "Fringe" theater refers to experimental theater that developed as an alternative to the official Edinburgh Festival in the 1950s. Fringe theater groups today include small-scale professional, amateur, and student groups which perform both new and classic drama. See William Packard, David Pickering, and Charlotte Savidge, eds., Dictionary of the Theatre (New York, 1988), 187.
    • (1988) Dictionary of the Theatre , pp. 187
  • 17
    • 33847494628 scopus 로고
    • trans. Roxane Pernar, ed. Lesley Milne New York
    • For overviews of this period, see Konstantin Rudnitsky, Russian and Soviet Theater 1905-1932, trans. Roxane Pernar, ed. Lesley Milne (New York, 1988);
    • (1988) Russian and Soviet Theater 1905-1932
    • Rudnitsky, K.1
  • 21
    • 84933489856 scopus 로고
    • The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Youth Theater TRAM
    • Fall
    • On TRAM, see Lynn Mally, "The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Youth Theater TRAM," Slavic Review 51, no. 3 (Fall 1992): 411-30,
    • (1992) Slavic Review , vol.51 , Issue.3 , pp. 411-430
    • Mally, L.1
  • 22
    • 54749102756 scopus 로고
    • Autonomous Theater and the Origins of Socialist Realism: The 1932 Olympiad of Autonomous Art
    • April
    • and Mally, "Autonomous Theater and the Origins of Socialist Realism: The 1932 Olympiad of Autonomous Art," Russian Review 52 (April 1993): 198-212.
    • (1993) Russian Review , vol.52 , pp. 198-212
    • Mally1
  • 24
    • 54749149853 scopus 로고
    • Transition: The Theater-Studio Movement
    • trans. Vladimir Klimenko, March
    • Alyona Solntseva, "Transition: The Theater-Studio Movement," trans. Vladimir Klimenko, Theater 20 (March 1989): 21-27;
    • (1989) Theater 20 , pp. 21-27
    • Solntseva, A.1
  • 25
    • 54749126294 scopus 로고
    • Fighting the Germs of Disorder: The Censorship of Russian Popular Theater, 1888-1917
    • Spring
    • Eugene Anthony Swift, "Fighting the Germs of Disorder: The Censorship of Russian Popular Theater, 1888-1917," Russian History 18 (Spring 1991): 1-49;
    • (1991) Russian History , vol.18 , pp. 1-49
    • Swift, E.A.1
  • 27
    • 54749152896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The conflict here was not merely between disgruntled amateurs and professionals guarding their perquisites. That narrow understanding ignores the state's role in supporting professional artistic activities. The final decision to create a new professional theater was made, albeit rarely, at the level of the USSR Council of Ministers.
  • 28
    • 54749112317 scopus 로고
    • Gor'kij on the Soviet Reader as Interpreter
    • Carol J. Avins, "Gor'kij on the Soviet Reader as Interpreter," Russian Literature 24 (1988): 451-64.
    • (1988) Russian Literature , vol.24 , pp. 451-464
    • Avins, C.J.1
  • 29
    • 54749143642 scopus 로고
    • Ideinost', splochennost', masterstvo
    • August
    • In theater, similar attitudes persisted in some circles into the late 1960s. In fact, participation in amateur theater was considered a means to advance the general public from ignorance to enlightenment. See, for instance, "Ideinost', splochennost', masterstvo," Klub i khudozhestvennaia samodeiatel'nost', August 1968, 12.
    • (1968) Klub i Khudozhestvennaia Samodeiatel'nost' , pp. 12
  • 33
    • 54749111497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kniga otzyvov [hereafter K.o.], Na Krasnoi Presne archive
    • Kniga otzyvov [hereafter K.o.], Na Krasnoi Presne archive.
  • 34
    • 54749151457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Valerii Beliakovich, interview, Moscow, 19 October 1991; Iurii Zaitsev, interview, Moscow, 22 January 1991. All interviews, except where noted, were conducted by the author and are in the author's possession. In the former Komsomol archive, I also found a comment book of an agitbrigad on tour in the Arctic in 1969. All comments in it were written by an official representative of each particular audience. Tsentr khraneniia dokumentov molodezhnykh organizatsii, f. 1, op. 39, d. 207a (Materialy ob organizatsii agitpoezdov TsK LKSM Moldavii), ll. 1-36. No direct evidence exists, but I suspect that the studio comment books, in contrast, were an effort to allow individuals to speak for themselves; nevertheless, the practice of official designees continued in some cases.
  • 35
    • 54749145474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Beliakovich, for instance, admitted that he often fabricated data on his various reports. Beliakovich, interview, 19 October 1991. Attendance figures for individual amateur troupes have not survived in either local or central archives.
  • 36
    • 54749132701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • K.o., Na Krasnoi Presne archive. The theater's post-1975 site accommodated eighty-seven seats for performances of Romeo i Dzhul'etta and was considerably smaller than its original hall at the Palace of Pioneers. Plany zritel'nogo zala, Na Krasnoi Presne archive. See also K.o., Na Iugo-Zapade archive; K.o., Subbota archive; K.o., Kamernaia stsena archive (formerly the studio Na Ulitse Chekhova).
  • 41
    • 54749131199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zaitsev, interview, 22 January 1991
    • Zaitsev, interview, 22 January 1991.
  • 42
    • 54749113336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In 1984, a comment written to Na Iugo-Zapade by the "students and teachers of the Patrice Lumumba University of Friendship," an institute for students of friendly foreign governments, said, "[We] want to note again that the collective of the theater-studio consistently carries out the decisions of the TsK KPSS in the sphere of culture directed at improving the ideological-political, cultural, and moral level of the Soviet people." K.o., Na Iugo-Zapade archive. This comment may have functioned as ongoing propaganda for the students by the faculty.
  • 43
    • 54749133107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K.o., Na Krasnoi Presne archive
    • K.o., Na Krasnoi Presne archive.
  • 44
    • 54749084301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K.o., Na Iugo-Zapade archive
    • K.o., Na Iugo-Zapade archive.
  • 45
    • 54749152895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter, undated, Na Iugo-Zapade archive. The word shtamp also suggests political conformity
    • Letter, undated, Na Iugo-Zapade archive. The word shtamp also suggests political conformity.
  • 46
    • 54749101580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter, 19 February 1984, Na Iugo-Zapade archive
    • Letter, 19 February 1984, Na Iugo-Zapade archive.
  • 47
    • 54749099234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter, undated, Na Iugo-Zapade archive
    • Letter, undated, Na Iugo-Zapade archive.
  • 48
    • 54749124072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K.o., Kamernaia stsena archive
    • K.o., Kamernaia stsena archive.
  • 49
    • 54749148772 scopus 로고
    • Ne streliaite belykh lebedei
    • Moscow
    • Boris Vasil'ev, "Ne streliaite belykh lebedei," in Izbrannoe: V dvukh tomakh (Moscow, 1988), 1:201-359. By 1991 Malyshchitskii, the founder and director of LIIZhT, no longer had a copy of the script.
    • (1988) Izbrannoe: V Dvukh Tomakh , vol.1 , pp. 201-359
    • Vasil'ev, B.1
  • 50
    • 54749130784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K.o., personal archive of Vladimir Malyshchitskii
    • K.o., personal archive of Vladimir Malyshchitskii.
  • 51
    • 54749134682 scopus 로고
    • Kabala sviatosh (Mol'er)
    • Moscow
    • Mikhail Bulgakov, "Kabala sviatosh (Mol'er)," in P'esy (Moscow, 1991), 211-60. Na Iugo-Zapade director Beliakovich indicated that the troupe relied on the published text. Beliakovich, interview, 19 October 1991.
    • (1991) P'esy , pp. 211-260
    • Bulgakov, M.1
  • 52
    • 54749113133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K.o., Na Iugo-Zapade archive
    • K.o., Na Iugo-Zapade archive.
  • 53
    • 54749110709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Other outcast heroes included Joan of Arc, Berenger in Ionesco's Rhinoceros, Pugachev, Hamlet Vladimir Maiakovskii, Jonathan Livingston Seagull, and the ugly duckling.
  • 55
    • 54749150256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The term aesthetic satisfaction was used by V. A. Krupskii to describe a play at Na Iugo-Zapade. Letter, 21 February 1984, Na Iugo-Zapade archive
    • The term aesthetic satisfaction was used by V. A. Krupskii to describe a play at Na Iugo-Zapade. Letter, 21 February 1984, Na Iugo-Zapade archive.
  • 56
    • 54749126295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter, 24 February 1984, Na Iugo-Zapade archive
    • Letter, 24 February 1984, Na Iugo-Zapade archive.
  • 57
    • 54749155219 scopus 로고
    • Prishel, uvidel, poliubil
    • Natal'ia A. Kaidalova, comp., Moscow
    • Vladimir Kruglov, "Prishel, uvidel, poliubil ..." in Natal'ia A. Kaidalova, comp., Stanovlenie: Teatr-studiia na Iugo-Zapade (Moscow, 1988), 74.
    • (1988) Stanovlenie: Teatr-studiia na Iugo-Zapade , pp. 74
    • Kruglov, V.1
  • 58
    • 54749127411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K.o., Malyshchitskii archive
    • K.o., Malyshchitskii archive.
  • 60
    • 54749107091 scopus 로고
    • The Trouble with Lyubimov
    • April
    • On Liubimov and synthetic theater, see Alma Law, "The Trouble with Lyubimov," American Theatre 2 (April 1985): 4-11.
    • (1985) American Theatre , vol.2 , pp. 4-11
    • Law, A.1
  • 61
    • 54749140502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K.o., Malyshchitskii archive
    • K.o., Malyshchitskii archive.
  • 62
    • 54749107640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K.o., Kamernaia stsena archive
    • K.o., Kamernaia stsena archive.
  • 63
    • 54749138883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K.o., Na Krasnoi Presne archive
    • K.o., Na Krasnoi Presne archive.
  • 64
    • 54749123686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter, undated, Na Iugo-Zapade archive
    • Letter, undated, Na Iugo-Zapade archive.
  • 65
    • 54749111091 scopus 로고
    • Moscow
    • K.o., Na Krasnoi Presne archive. For Spesivtsev's discussion of the censor's disapproval, see his Moei pamiati poezd (Moscow, 1980), 28-32.
    • (1980) Moei Pamiati Poezd , pp. 28-32
  • 66
    • 54749120955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter, undated, Na Iugo-Zapade archive
    • Letter, undated, Na Iugo-Zapade archive.
  • 67
    • 54749146417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teatr nachinaetsia s repertuara
    • Kaidalova, comp.
    • Natal'ia Kaidalova, "Teatr nachinaetsia s repertuara," in Kaidalova, comp., Stanovlenie, 30.
    • Stanovlenie , pp. 30
    • Kaidalova, N.1
  • 68
    • 54749097534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beliakovich, interview, 19 October 1991
    • Beliakovich, interview, 19 October 1991.
  • 69
    • 54749133106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K.o., Kamernaia stsena archive
    • K.o., Kamernaia stsena archive.
  • 70
    • 54749135419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Letter, 21 February 1984, Na Iugo-Zapade archive. Iablochkin is referring to Georgii Tovstonogav's production A History of a Horse at Leningrad's Bolshoi dramaticheskii teatr. The play is based on Lev Tolstoi's story Kholstomer, which was initially conceived and adapted by Mark Rozovskii, who directed amateur theaters in the 1960s and 1980s.
  • 71
    • 54749097890 scopus 로고
    • Chto my zhdem ot teatra
    • February
    • Irina Guseva, in "Chto my zhdem ot teatra," Teatr, February 1981, 103.
    • (1981) Teatr , pp. 103
    • Guseva, I.1
  • 72
    • 54749132325 scopus 로고
    • Prodolzhenie mechty
    • 28 December
    • M. Dmitrievskaia, "Prodolzhenie mechty," Smena, 28 December 1974.
    • (1974) Smena
    • Dmitrievskaia, M.1
  • 73
    • 0041101896 scopus 로고
    • Ob iskrenosti v literature
    • December
    • In the post-Stalin era, the perceived relationship between integrity and sincerity was first raised in Vladimir Pomerantsev's provocative article "Ob iskrenosti v literature," in Novyi mir, December 1953, 218-45.
    • (1953) Novyi Mir , pp. 218-245
  • 74
    • 54749085472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K.o., Kamernaia stsena archive
    • K.o., Kamernaia stsena archive.
  • 75
    • 54749131576 scopus 로고
    • Shkola universitetskoi 'dramy,'
    • Leningrad, Tamara Basnina, interview, Moscow, 1 March 1991; Mikhail Shchepenko, interview, Moscow, 6 March 1991; Sergei Kachanov, interview by Larisa Solntseva, Moscow, 22 February 1991
    • See Vadim Golikov, "Shkola universitetskoi 'dramy,'" in Istoriia Leningradskogo universiteta (Leningrad, 1990), 43; Tamara Basnina, interview, Moscow, 1 March 1991; Mikhail Shchepenko, interview, Moscow, 6 March 1991; Sergei Kachanov, interview by Larisa Solntseva, Moscow, 22 February 1991.
    • (1990) Istoriia Leningradskogo Universiteta , pp. 43
    • Golikov, V.1
  • 76
    • 54749137018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K.o., Kamernaia stsena archive
    • K.o., Kamernaia stsena archive.
  • 77
    • 54749107243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K.o., Malyshchitskii archive
    • K.o., Malyshchitskii archive.
  • 78
    • 54749106651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter, fall 1985, Na Iugo-Zapade archive
    • Letter, fall 1985, Na Iugo-Zapade archive.
  • 80
    • 54749118966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This stability also helps explain the richness of their archive
    • This stability also helps explain the richness of their archive.
  • 81
    • 54749124663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K.o., Kamernaia stsena archive
    • K.o., Kamernaia stsena archive.
  • 82
    • 54749128233 scopus 로고
    • Subbota protiv Riska
    • 26 May
    • Iurii Smirnov-Nesvitskii, quoted in T. Otiugova, "Subbota protiv Riska," Smena, 26 May 1975. They chose the word guest because it implied both a welcome atmosphere and active participation in the performance.
    • (1975) Smena
    • Otiugova, T.1
  • 83
    • 54749142460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K.o., Subbota archive
    • K.o., Subbota archive.
  • 85
    • 54749125462 scopus 로고
    • Subbota
    • November
    • T. Zabozlaeva, "Subbota," Teatr, November 1982, 78.
    • (1982) Teatr , pp. 78
    • Zabozlaeva, T.1
  • 86
    • 54749110708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kirill Dateshidze, interview, Leningrad, 19 July 1991
    • Kirill Dateshidze, interview, Leningrad, 19 July 1991.
  • 87
    • 54749142459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anketa, Na Iugo-Zapade archive
    • Anketa, Na Iugo-Zapade archive.
  • 90
    • 85078688761 scopus 로고
    • Urban Leisure Culture in Post-Stalin Russia: Stability as a Social Problem?
    • Terry Thompson and Richard Sheldon, eds., Boulder, Colo.
    • John Bushnell, "Urban Leisure Culture in Post-Stalin Russia: Stability as a Social Problem?" in Terry Thompson and Richard Sheldon, eds., Soviet Society and Culture: Essays in Honor of Vera S. Dunham (Boulder, Colo.: 1988), 58-86;
    • (1988) Soviet Society and Culture: Essays in Honor of Vera S. Dunham , pp. 58-86
    • Bushnell, J.1
  • 91
    • 84928441521 scopus 로고
    • Russkaia Druzhba: Russian Friendship in American and Israeli Contexts
    • Fall
    • Fran Markowitz, "Russkaia Druzhba: Russian Friendship in American and Israeli Contexts," Slavic Review 50, no. 3 (Fall 1991): 637-45. Markowitz claims that "friendships, then, provided Soviet citizens with the only arenas where they can act out their individualism and express their own particular joys, needs, and grievances." Her conclusions are based on interviews with Jews who emigrated from 1972 to 1983. Although Markowitz's assessment may be accurate for this segment of Soviet society, the ostracism faced by refusniks suggests that their experiences cannot be considered typical.
    • (1991) Slavic Review , vol.50 , Issue.3 , pp. 637-645
    • Markowitz, F.1
  • 92
    • 54749095562 scopus 로고
    • Dlia tekh, kto liubit teatr
    • 20 November
    • "Dlia tekh, kto liubit teatr," Leningradskii rabochii, 20 November 1981. Other studios in the article, including Subbota, Perekrestok, and the Leningrad State University Student Theater, did not choose to call special attention to this aspect of their mission, although they also provided these opportunities.
    • (1981) Leningradskii Rabochii
  • 93
    • 54749134680 scopus 로고
    • Teatral'nye studii - Eto interesno
    • 2 March
    • F. Lur'e, "Teatral'nye studii - eto interesno," Zavodskaia pravda, 2 March 1982.
    • (1982) Zavodskaia Pravda
    • Lur'e, F.1
  • 94
    • 54749116014 scopus 로고
    • Moscow
    • In the mid-1960s, the student theater Nash dom at Moscow State University incorporated audience discussions as an "Act II" of their performances of Tselyi vecher kak prokliatye (An entire evening as the damned). See Mark Rozovskii, Samootdacha (Moscow, 1976).
    • (1976) Samootdacha
    • Rozovskii, M.1
  • 95
    • 54749145080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tat'iana Zhakovskaia, interview, Leningrad, 2 July 1991
    • Tat'iana Zhakovskaia, interview, Leningrad, 2 July 1991.
  • 96
    • 54749087547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K.o., Malyshchitskii archive
    • K.o., Malyshchitskii archive.
  • 97
    • 54749152470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K.o., Na Krasnoi Presne archive. Emphasis in the original
    • K.o., Na Krasnoi Presne archive. Emphasis in the original.
  • 98
    • 54749085471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lur'e, "Teatral'nye studii - eto interesno." The club's name is a play on the word liubitel', which refers to both "amateur" and "lover."
    • Lur'e, "Teatral'nye studii - eto interesno." The club's name is a play on the word liubitel', which refers to both "amateur" and "lover."
  • 99
    • 54749088354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beliakovich, interview, 19 October 1991; Veniamin Fil'shtinskii, interview, Leningrad, 3 October 1991
    • Beliakovich, interview, 19 October 1991; Veniamin Fil'shtinskii, interview, Leningrad, 3 October 1991.
  • 100
    • 54749123685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zhakovskaia, interview, 2 July 1991. Irina Iakovleva, an actress at Okoshka, confirmed Zhakovskaia's observation. Irina Iakovleva, interview, Leningrad, 2 July 1991
    • Zhakovskaia, interview, 2 July 1991. Irina Iakovleva, an actress at Okoshka, confirmed Zhakovskaia's observation. Irina Iakovleva, interview, Leningrad, 2 July 1991.
  • 101
    • 54749133104 scopus 로고
    • Nichego dlia teatra ne zhalko
    • March
    • Marina Litvinova, "Nichego dlia teatra ne zhalko," Iunost', March 1986, 97.
    • (1986) Iunost' , pp. 97
    • Litvinova, M.1
  • 102
    • 54749156375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K.o., Na Krasnoi Presne archive
    • K.o., Na Krasnoi Presne archive.
  • 103
    • 54749105472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter, 19 February 1984, Na Iugo-Zapade archive
    • Letter, 19 February 1984, Na Iugo-Zapade archive.
  • 104
    • 54749089673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter, undated, Na Iugo-Zapade archive
    • Letter, undated, Na Iugo-Zapade archive.
  • 105
    • 54749146416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter, 24 December 1983, Na Iugo-Zapade archive
    • Letter, 24 December 1983, Na Iugo-Zapade archive.
  • 106
    • 54749085847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teatr kupit venskie stul'ia
    • Kaidalova, comp.
    • Irma Alekseeva, "Teatr kupit venskie stul'ia," in Kaidalova, comp., Stanovlenie, 57.
    • Stanovlenie , pp. 57
    • Alekseeva, I.1
  • 107
    • 54749097889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shchepenko, interview, 6 March 1991
    • Shchepenko, interview, 6 March 1991.
  • 108
    • 54749100455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This council should not be confused with the official artistic council that oversaw a studio's activities and approved annual repertory plans, although there may have been some overlap of members.
  • 110
    • 54749157465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Otchet o rabote 1985-1986, Na Iugo-Zapade archive. The extent of actual activity is not clear. Other studios also involved volunteers in various support activities
    • Otchet o rabote 1985-1986, Na Iugo-Zapade archive. The extent of actual activity is not clear. Other studios also involved volunteers in various support activities.
  • 111
    • 54749151066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Litvinova, "Nichego dlia teatra ne zhalko," 96. OBKhSS is the Otdel po bor'be s khishcheniem sotsialisticheskoi sobstvennosti (Department for the campaign against the embezzlement of socialist property).
    • Nichego dlia Teatra ne Zhalko , pp. 96
    • Litvinova1
  • 112
    • 54749156374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • PRIKAZ po Domu kul'tury "Krasnaia zvezda," 19 May 1983, Chelovek archive. Roman Kozak, a performer in The Emigrants, denied that tickets were sold, but the practice was not unheard of. Roman Kozak, interview, Moscow, 18 March 1991. This alleged activity was one of the reasons given for closing the studio. In any case, the studio did not have official permission to perform the banned play.
  • 113
    • 54749086395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Undated letter, Na Iugo-Zapade archive
    • Undated letter, Na Iugo-Zapade archive.
  • 114
    • 54749122071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beliakovich, interview, 19 October 1991
    • Beliakovich, interview, 19 October 1991.
  • 115
    • 54749100454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • By 1990 when I attended numerous performances at the studios discussed here, none of them offered comment books or postperformance discussions. Other, newer theaters did occasionally provide them.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.