Stalin and the creation of the azerbaijan democratic party in Iran, 1945

Cold War History

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 1-38

  Raine, Fernande Scheid ^a  

^a MCKINSEY AND COMPANY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 34248078830     PISSN: 14682745     EISSN: 17437962     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/713999940     Document Type: Review

References (40)

1. See Albert Resis (ed.), Molotov Remembers: Inside Kremlin Politics, Conversations with Felix Chuev (Chicago, 1993), p.8.
2. This interpretation gained prominence through the works of George Lenczowski, most notably Russia and the West in Iran, 1918-1948: A Study in Big Power Rivalry (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1949).
3. For one of the early criticisms of the thesis of a Soviet 'master-plan', see Voitech Mastny, Russia's Road to the Cold War: Diplomacy, Warfare, and the Politics of Communism, 1941-1945 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979).
4. For a review of the early stages of the debate see John Lewis Gaddis, 'The Emerging Post-Revisionist Synthesis and the Origins of the Cold War', Diplomatic History, 7/3 (1983), pp.171-90.
5. Some of the studies conducted before the opening of the archives remain classic assessments of Soviet policy that formed the framework for the current debates. Among them Adam B. Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence: The History of Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-1973 (New York: Praeger, 2nd edn. 1974);
6. Mastny, Russia's Road to the Cold War. 6. Voitech Mastny, The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p.35.
7. Vladislav Zubok and Konstantin Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin's Cold War (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), p.12.
8. See, for example, Eduard Mark, 'Revolution by Degrees: Stalin's National Front Strategy for Europe, 1941-1947', Cold War International History Project Working Paper (CWIHP) No. 31 (Feb. 2001).
9. Natalia Egorova, 'The "Iran Crisis" of 1945-1946: A View from the Russian Archives', CWIHP Working Paper No.15 (May 1996).
10. On Tudeh's tense relations with Moscow see E. Abrahamian, Iran between two Revolutions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), pp.30-58
11. and Sephehr Zabih, The Communist Movement in Iran (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966), pp.123-65.
12. For the most recent and explicit defence of the 'continuity theory', claiming that the Republic of 1946 grew from a deep-seated tradition of Azerbaijani national separatism, see Touraj Atabaki, Azerbaijan: Autonomy and Ethnicity in Twentieth-Century Iran (London: British Academy Press, 1993).
13. See Egorova, 'The Iran Crisis', p.11.
14. See also Touraj Atabaki, Azerbaijan, pp.105,142-3.
15. See Vladimir Pechatnov, 'The Big Three After World War II: New Documents on Soviet Thinking about Post War Relations with the United States and Britain', CWIHP Working Paper No.13
16. and idem, ''The Allies are Pressing on You to Break your Will...', Foreign Policy Correspondence between Stalin and Molotov and Other Politburo Members, September 1945-December 1946', CWIHP Working Paper No.26 (1999).
17. On the Allied (non-)reaction to the Iranian note see B.R. Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran, Turkey and Greece (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), p.271.
18. On Litvinov, see Voitech Mastny, 'The Cassandra in the Foreign Commissariat: Maxim Litvinov and the Cold War', Foreign Affairs 54 (Jan. 1976), pp.366-76.
19. Kuniholm, Origins of the Cold War in the Near East, p.273.
20. John L. Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), pp.263-81.
21. The oil negotiations of 1944 and 1945 are discussed at length in Egorova, 'The Iran Crisis 1945-1946'.
22. On the development of the Kurdish national movement in Iran and the Soviet sponsorship of the Kurdish Democratic Party in 1945, see David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds (London: I.B. Tauris, 1996), pp.236-46.
23. With strong emphasis on Soviet involvement, see Martin Sicker, The Bear and the Lion. Soviet Imperialism and Iran (New York: Praeger, 1988);
24. Rouhollah Ramazani, Iran's Foreign Policy, 1941-1973. A Study of Foreign Policy in Modernizing Nations (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1975), pp.112-13;
25. Minimizing the importance of the Soviets and underlining the power of Azeri nationalism: M.S. Ivanov, Noveishaia Istoriia Irana (Moscow: Mysl, 1965);
26. Atabaki, Azerbaijan, pp.99ff.
27. See Louise L'Estrange Fawcett, Iran and the Cold War: The Azerbaijan Crisis, 1945-46 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp.5-6.
28. Pishevari's 'founding' of the ADP is often presented as his 'reaction' to being barred from the Majlis. See Fawcett, Azerbaijan Crisis, p.50;
29. Abrahamian, Iran, p.198;
30. Zabih, Communist Movement, pp.87, 98.
31. On Pishevari's early criticism of Tudeh, see Abrahamian, Iran between two Revolutions, pp.289f.
32. Ervand Abrahamian, 'Communism and Communalism in Iran: Firqeh I Dimukrat and Tudeh', International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 1/4 (1970), pp.291-316.
33. See also Fawcett, Iran and the Cold War, pp.40-41.
34. Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan, p.143
35. Ramazani, Iran's Foreign Policy, pp.124f.
36. Kuniholm, Origins of the Cold War, pp.277-8.
37. Eor the text see Raymond Dennett and Robert K. Turner (eds.), Documents on American Foreign Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1948), Vol.8, pp.851-2.
38. See Pechatnov, 'The Allies are Pressing on You', pp.22-30.
39. Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, p.281.
40. Farughian, who was with Pishevari when he died, is adamant about it having been an accident. However, according to Stalin's interpreter Berezhkov, car-crashes in the mountains were one of Stalin's favorite ways to have people 'disappear'. Victims of such 'accidents' included the Soviet Consul General in Siankiang Apresyan and, allegedly, former People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Litvinov. See V Berezhkov, At Stalin's Side (New Jersey: Carol Publishing Group, 1994), pp.316-18.