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Volumn 64, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 421-444

Joseph and the politics of memory

(1)  Cochran, Clarke E a  

a NONE

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EID: 34248075305     PISSN: 00346705     EISSN: 17486858     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0034670500034963     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (8)

References (67)
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    • The Balkans' Heritage of Hatred
    • 12 April
    • "The Balkans' Heritage of Hatred," Time, 12 April 1999, p. 53.
    • (1999) Time , pp. 53
  • 2
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    • Silencing the past: Public monuments and the tutelary state
    • See, (with a response by David Wasserman, pp. 12-13)
    • See Sanford Levinson, "Silencing the Past: Public Monuments and the Tutelary State," Philosophy and Public Policy 16 (1996): 6-11 (with a response by David Wasserman, pp. 12-13).
    • (1996) Philosophy and Public Policy , vol.16 , pp. 6-11
    • Levinson, S.1
  • 3
    • 77954042278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • All Scripture quotations are from the Revised Standard Version
    • All Scripture quotations are from the Revised Standard Version.
  • 4
    • 61049177982 scopus 로고
    • On these meaning of forget (sakah) in the Hebrew Bible, see (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans), s.v "forget."
    • On these meaning of forget (sakah) in the Hebrew Bible, see International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1982), s.v. "forget."
    • (1982) International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
  • 5
    • 77954063046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aaron Wildavsky paid close attention to the political lessons of Joseph and to the frequent misinterpretation of his life. Assimilation versus Separation: Joseph the Administrator and the Politics of Religion in Biblical Israel (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction 1993). My debt to Wildavsky will be apparent. However, he did not consider the role that remembering and forgetting play in the story. 6.1 am indebted to Mark Murphy for suggesting these ideas
    • Aaron Wildavsky paid close attention to the political lessons of Joseph and to the frequent misinterpretation of his life. Assimilation versus Separation: Joseph the Administrator and the Politics of Religion in Biblical Israel (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1993). My debt to Wildavsky will be apparent. However, he did not consider the role that remembering and forgetting play in the story. 6.1 am indebted to Mark Murphy for suggesting these ideas.
  • 6
    • 0004351505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, chap. 2
    • Wolin, The Presence of the Past (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), chap. 2.
    • (1989) The Presence of the Past
    • Wolin1
  • 8
    • 84970776671 scopus 로고
    • The battle of salamis and the origins of political theory
    • On the different ways that the Battle of Salamis was remembered by Aeschylus, Thucydides, and Plato, and on the political implications for Athens and political philosophy, see
    • On the different ways that the Battle of Salamis was remembered by Aeschylus, Thucydides, and Plato, and on the political implications for Athens and political philosophy, see J. Peter Euben, "The Battle of Salamis and the Origins of Political Theory," Political Theory 14 (1986): 359-390
    • (1986) Political Theory , vol.14 , pp. 359-390
    • Peter Euben, J.1
  • 9
    • 60950277940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a wide-ranging display of the subtleties of memory, see James McConkey, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press) . The brief reflections below owe much to the students in my graduate seminar on ancient and medieval political theory during Spring 1993. Thanks to Erol Kaymak, Monte L. Monroe, Michael B. Russell, Suzanne Balch Slater, and Dan B. Wimberly
    • For a wide-ranging display of the subtleties of memory, see James McConkey, ed., The Anatomy of Memory: An Anthology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996). The brief reflections below owe much to the students in my graduate seminar on ancient and medieval political theory during Spring 1993. Thanks to Erol Kaymak, Monte L. Monroe, Michael B. Russell, Suzanne Balch Slater, and Dan B. Wimberly.
    • (1996) The Anatomy of Memory: An Anthology
  • 10
    • 77954074831 scopus 로고
    • Noble lies and justice: On reading plato
    • See
    • See John R. Kayser, "Noble Lies and Justice: On Reading Plato." Polity 4 (1973): 489-515.
    • (1973) Polity , vol.4 , pp. 489-515
    • John, R.1    Kayser2
  • 11
    • 77954058413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plato Laws 732c. The Laws of Plato, trans. Thomas L. Pangle (New York: Basic Books 1980)
    • Plato Laws 732c. The Laws of Plato, trans. Thomas L. Pangle (New York: Basic Books, 1980).
  • 12
    • 0009454120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, for example (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press), 57-65. See City of Cod, 5.14
    • See, for example, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Augustine and the Limits of Politics (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1995), pp. 32-33,57-65. See City of Cod, 5.14.
    • (1995) Augustine and the Limits of Politics , pp. 32-33
    • Bethke Elshtain, J.1
  • 13
    • 58649086670 scopus 로고
    • trans. Edward B. Pusey (New York: Modern Library) , bks. 10 and 9
    • The Confessions of Saint Augustine, trans. Edward B. Pusey (New York: Modern Library, 1949), bks. 10 and 9.
    • (1949) The Confessions of Saint Augustine
  • 14
    • 77954076662 scopus 로고
    • Aquinas, prudence, and health care policy
    • ed. Ethan Fishman (New York: Greenwood Press)
    • Clarke E. Cochran, "Aquinas, Prudence, and Health Care Policy," in Public Polio/ and the Public Good, ed. Ethan Fishman (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991), pp. 47-62.
    • (1991) Public Polio/ and the Public Good , pp. 47-62
    • Clarke, E.1    Cochran2
  • 15
    • 0004351505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an account of these tendencies, particularly in Hobbes and Locke, see, chap. 2. Even the termpolitical system places modernity at odds with memory, whosei "vast storehouse" (Augustine) defeats systematization
    • For an account of these tendencies, particularly in Hobbes and Locke, see Wolin, Presence of the Past, chap. 2. Even the termpolitical system places modernity at odds with memory, whose "vast storehouse" (Augustine) defeats systematization.
    • Presence of the Past
    • Wolin1
  • 16
    • 77954041326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liberating remembrance: Thoughts on ethics, politics, and recollection
    • Lanham, MD: Rowman and littlefield
    • Fred Dallmayr, "Liberating Remembrance: Thoughts on Ethics, Politics, and Recollection," in Alternative Visions: Paths in the Global Village (Lanham, MD: Rowman and littlefield, 1998), p. 147.
    • (1998) Alternative Visions: Paths in the Global Village , pp. 147
    • Dallmayr, F.1
  • 18
    • 77954044871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The political theory of forgetting
    • Paper presented at the, (Washington, DC, August 28-31)
    • DeLue, "The Political Theory of Forgetting" (Paper presented at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, August 28-31).
    • (1997) Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association
    • Delue1
  • 20
    • 52849097785 scopus 로고
    • Genesis
    • and ed. Raymond E. Brown, S.S., Joseph A. Fitzmyer, S.J., and Roland E. Murphy, O. Carm. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall)
    • and Richard J. Clifford, S.J., and Roland E. Murphy, O. Carm., "Genesis," in The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, ed. Raymond E. Brown, S.S., Joseph A. Fitzmyer, S.J., and Roland E. Murphy, O. Carm. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990).
    • (1990) The New Jerome Biblical Commentary
    • Clifford, R.J.1    Murphy, R.E.2    Carm, O.3
  • 23
    • 0004259217 scopus 로고
    • The exemplars for political readings of the Hebrew Scriptures are, (New York: Basic Books)
    • The exemplars for political readings of the Hebrew Scriptures are: Michael Walzer, Exodus and Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 1985)
    • (1985) Exodus and Revolution
    • Walzer, M.1
  • 25
    • 0347346228 scopus 로고
    • See also (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press), Especially important for the Joseph story is Wildavsky, Assimilation versus Separation
    • See also Joel Rosenberg, King and Kin: Political Allegory in the Hebrew Bible (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1986). Especially important for the Joseph story is Wildavsky, Assimilation versus Separation.
    • (1986) King and Kin: Political Allegory in the Hebrew Bible
    • Rosenberg, J.1
  • 26
    • 77954039365 scopus 로고
    • Genesis
    • ed. by Raymond E. Brown, S.S., Joseph A. Fitzmyer, S.J., and Roland E. Murphy, O. Carm. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall)
    • Eugene H. Maly, "Genesis," in The Jerome Biblical Commentary, ed. by Raymond E. Brown, S.S., Joseph A. Fitzmyer, S.J., and Roland E. Murphy, O. Carm. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968).
    • (1968) The Jerome Biblical Commentary
    • Eugene, H.1    Maly2
  • 27
    • 77954039868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clifford and Murphy, "Genesis," p. 40. Some take this interpretation overboard. The great contemporary Genesis expert, Claus Westermarm, in a popular treatment of the Joseph stories misses their ironical and critical comments on Joseph. Westermarm even interprets Joseph's becoming an Egyptian as simply "going along," while remaining true to his faith (Joseph: Eleven Bible Studies on Genesis [Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 1996]). This positive spin on the many puzzling features of Joseph's story is present also in ancient interpretations.
    • Clifford and Murphy, "Genesis," p. 40. Some take this interpretation overboard. The great contemporary Genesis expert, Claus Westermarm, in a popular treatment of the Joseph stories misses their ironical and critical comments on Joseph. Westermarm even interprets Joseph's becoming an Egyptian as simply "going along," while remaining true to his faith (Joseph: Eleven Bible Studies on Genesis [Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 1996]). This positive spin on the many puzzling features of Joseph's story is present also in ancient interpretations.
  • 28
    • 0006019114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press)
    • See James L. Kugel, The Bible as It Was (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), pp. 245-284
    • (1997) The Bible As It Was , pp. 245-284
    • James, L.1    Kugel2
  • 30
    • 77954052538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrast this with Moses' naming his first son, Gershom, because. I have been a sojourner in a foreign land" (Exod. 2: 22). Moses does not forget who he is; Joseph wants to recreate an identity
    • Contrast this with Moses' naming his first son, Gershom, because "I have been a sojourner in a foreign land" (Exod. 2: 22). Moses does not forget who he is; Joseph wants to recreate an identity.
  • 31
    • 77954042457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kugel, In Potiphar's House, reports that some early rabbinic interpretations of Joseph question his character, but these involve his attempted seduction by Potiphar's wife, not the elements of the story discussed here.
    • Kugel, In Potiphar's House, reports that some early rabbinic interpretations of Joseph question his character, but these involve his attempted seduction by Potiphar's wife, not the elements of the story discussed here.
  • 32
    • 0010011321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, s.v. "remember."
    • Wildavsky, Assimilation versus Separation, p. 95, and International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, s.v. "remember."
    • Assimilation Versus Separation , pp. 95
    • Wildavsky1
  • 36
    • 0010011321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It might be objected, citing the last patriarchal theophany (Gen. 46:1-4), that this argument overstates the disastrous move from Palestine to Egypt. God after all tells Jacob that it is alright to go and that God will make him a great nation in Egypt. Note, however, that God calls him "Jacob," not "Israel," in this going. Moreover, God does not direct Jacob to go to Egypt, but appears to him only after he is on his way there. On this passage and on the will of God generally, see, 157-58
    • It might be objected, citing the last patriarchal theophany (Gen. 46:1-4), that this argument overstates the disastrous move from Palestine to Egypt. God after all tells Jacob that it is alright to go and that God will make him a great nation in Egypt. Note, however, that God calls him "Jacob," not "Israel," in this going. Moreover, God does not direct Jacob to go to Egypt, but appears to him only after he is on his way there. On this passage and on the will of God generally, see Wildavsky, Assimilation versus Separation, pp. 110-111,157-58.
    • Assimilation Versus Separation , pp. 110-111
    • Wildavsky1
  • 37
    • 60950187570 scopus 로고
    • On this passage, see (Edward Mellen Press) . Jacob remembers better than Joseph that foundings are never secure
    • On this passage, see Robert Sacks, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis (Edward Mellen Press, 1991), pp. 405-406. Jacob remembers better than Joseph that foundings are never secure.
    • (1991) A Commentary on the Book of Genesis , pp. 405-406
    • Sacks, R.1
  • 38
    • 77954045368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note that Jacob's own survival depended upon Esau's forgetting what Jacob did to him (Gen. 27: 45). Esau's forgetfulness seems to disqualify him as keeper of the promise, as founder
    • Note that Jacob's own survival depended upon Esau's forgetting what Jacob did to him (Gen. 27: 45). Esau's forgetfulness seems to disqualify him as keeper of the promise, as founder.
  • 39
    • 77954075958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Clifford and Murphy, "Genesis," pp. 37,42. It must be noted, however, that the tribe of Joseph's son Ephraim becomes one of the most important, and its name becomes synonymous with the northern kingdom of Israel after the division of the land following Solomon's death, part of the ambiguity of Joseph's legacy.
    • See Clifford and Murphy, "Genesis," pp. 37,42. It must be noted, however, that the tribe of Joseph's son Ephraim becomes one of the most important, and its name becomes synonymous with the northern kingdom of Israel after the division of the land following Solomon's death, part of the ambiguity of Joseph's legacy.
  • 41
    • 84971766261 scopus 로고
    • What is permissible so that this people may survive? Joseph the administrator
    • See also
    • See also Aaron Wildavsky, "What is Permissible So That this People May Survive? Joseph the Administrator," PS: Political Science and Politics 22 (1989): 783.
    • (1989) PS: Political Science and Politics , vol.22 , pp. 783
    • Wildavsky, A.1
  • 42
    • 61149149113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In his dreams, Joseph never speaks to God; nor God to him. His dreams are self-centered
    • Josipovici, The Book of God, pp. 83ff. In his dreams, Joseph never speaks to God; nor God to him. His dreams are self-centered.
    • The Book of God , pp. 83
    • Josipovici1
  • 46
    • 77954064970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Clifford and Murphy, "Genesis," p. 37.
    • and Clifford and Murphy, "Genesis," p. 37.
  • 47
    • 77954047777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indeed, the argument of the essay is not that memory is the most important component of prudence, but that it is one vital element and that prudential memory takes a form different from mythic and other forms of remembering. Joseph's story helps to clarify these forms
    • Indeed, the argument of the essay is not that memory is the most important component of prudence, but that it is one vital element and that prudential memory takes a form different from mythic and other forms of remembering. Joseph's story helps to clarify these forms.
  • 48
    • 77954038067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I am indebted in different ways to Robin Hoover and David Coolidge for this point
    • I am indebted in different ways to Robin Hoover and David Coolidge for this point.
  • 49
    • 0003657669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • misses this important point in (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press) . Assmann considers how the "grand narrative" of Exodus forever divides Egypt and Israel. Egypt is remembered as old and false; Israel as new and true. This is certainly correct, but the Exodus narrative also carefully and continually reminds the Israelites that they can become Egyptian if they become oppressors. Moreover, Joseph's story is potent reminder of how fully even a patriarch can take on the qualities of Egypt
    • Jan Assmann misses this important point inMoses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997). Assmann considers how the "grand narrative" of Exodus forever divides Egypt and Israel. Egypt is remembered as old and false; Israel as new and true. This is certainly correct, but the Exodus narrative also carefully and continually reminds the Israelites that they can become Egyptian if they become oppressors. Moreover, Joseph's story is potent reminder of how fully even a patriarch can take on the qualities of Egypt.
    • (1997) Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism
    • Assmann, J.1
  • 50
    • 77954069178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • These chapters of Genesis contain another likeness. The caravan of Ishmaelites to whom the brothers sell Joseph are carrying to Egypt gum, balm, and resin" (37: 25). On their second journey to Egypt, the brothers carry the same cargo (43:11). Not only must Israel remember its likeness to Egypt, it must also remember its kinship to Ishmael, not an insignificant lesson for Israelis and Arabs today!
    • These chapters of Genesis contain another likeness. The caravan of Ishmaelites to whom the brothers sell Joseph are carrying to Egypt "gum, balm, and resin" (37: 25). On their second journey to Egypt, the brothers carry the same cargo (43:11). Not only must Israel remember its likeness to Egypt, it must also remember its kinship to Ishmael, not an insignificant lesson for Israelis and Arabs today!
  • 51
    • 0039561512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foreigners: Insiders, Outsiders, and the Ethics of Membership
    • An excellent treatment of members and aliens in liberal theory is
    • An excellent treatment of members and aliens in liberal theory is William James Booth, "Foreigners: Insiders, Outsiders, and the Ethics of Membership," Review of Politics 59 (1997): 259-292
    • (1997) Review of Politics , vol.59 , pp. 259-292
    • James Booth, W.1
  • 53
    • 0004054219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, especially chap. 7. 45.1 owe this formulation to John von Hey king
    • See Dienstag, "Dancing in Chains," especially chap. 7. 45.1 owe this formulation to John von Hey king.
    • Dancing in Chains
    • Dienstag1
  • 54
    • 77954063777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An even more striking example of the kind of memory that repeats the past in order to forestall creative prospects in the present and future is the annual Orange "marching season" through Catholic neighborhoods in Northern Ireland to celebrate the Protestant victory of 1690. Here memory serves strife, conflict, and power. Enemies are clearly distinguished and viewed as unlike. Desperately needed is the will not to bring to mind, to forget certain features of the past in order to sustain hope for a different future
    • An even more striking example of the kind of memory that repeats the past in order to forestall creative prospects in the present and future is the annual Orange "marching season" through Catholic neighborhoods in Northern Ireland to celebrate the Protestant victory of 1690. Here memory serves strife, conflict, and power. Enemies are clearly distinguished and viewed as unlike. Desperately needed is the will not to bring to mind, to forget certain features of the past in order to sustain hope for a different future.
  • 57
    • 0007078184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerging field of forgiveness studies explores how we let go of grudges
    • There is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field of forgiveness studies which can only be alluded to here. See, 17 July
    • There is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field of "forgiveness studies," which can only be alluded to here. See Scott Heller, "Emerging Field of Forgiveness Studies Explores how We Let Go of Grudges," Chronicle of Higher Education, 17 July 1998: A18-A21.
    • (1998) Chronicle of Higher Education
    • Heller, S.1
  • 61
    • 0004089195 scopus 로고
    • and Douglas Johnston and Cynthia Sampson, eds. (New York: Oxford University Press) . Of course, within political theory, Hannah Arendt's reflections on forgiveness have been influential, The Human Condition (Garden City: Doubleday Anchor, 1959, pp. 212-223 Although he focuses on only one part of a community, rather than communal memory, Peter Digeser has important things to say about when to forget and when to forgive
    • and Douglas Johnston and Cynthia Sampson, eds., Religion: The Missing Dimension of Statecraft (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994). Of course, within political theory, Hannah Arendt's reflections on forgiveness have been influential, The Human Condition (Garden City: Doubleday Anchor, 1959), pp. 212-223 Although he focuses on only one part of a community, rather than communal memory, Peter Digeser has important things to say about when to forget and when to forgive.
    • (1994) Religion: The Missing Dimension of Statecraft
  • 62
    • 0032359380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forgiveness and politics: Dirty hands and imperfect procedures
    • See
    • See "Forgiveness and Politics: Dirty Hands and Imperfect Procedures," Political Theory 26 (1998): 700-724
    • (1998) Political Theory , vol.26 , pp. 700-724
  • 65
    • 77954060533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • South Africa and the Healing of Memories
    • See also the interview with, a victim of apartheid violence and an activist in the reconciliation process in South Africa, 18-25 June
    • See also the interview with Michael Lapsley, a victim of apartheid violence and an activist in the reconciliation process in South Africa, "South Africa and the Healing of Memories," America, 18-25 June 2001, pp. 8-11.
    • (2001) America , pp. 8-11
    • Lapsley, M.1
  • 66
    • 0004291748 scopus 로고
    • Syracuse: Syracuse University Press
    • Douglas, How Institutions Think (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986), p. 80.
    • (1986) How Institutions Think , pp. 80
    • Douglas1
  • 67
    • 85118611679 scopus 로고
    • The bible in the american political tradition
    • argues that the Bible served such a function within American political history, ed. Myron J. Aronoff (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books)
    • Wilson Carey McWilliams argues that the Bible served such a function within American political history, "The Bible in the American Political Tradition," in Political Anthropology III: Religion and Politics, ed. Myron J. Aronoff (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1984), pp. 11-45.
    • (1984) Political Anthropology III: Religion and Politics , pp. 11-45
    • Carey McWilliams, W.1


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