The impacts of post-WWII migration to Britain: Policy constraints, political opportunism and the alteration of representational politics

Review of Politics

Volumn 63, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 259-285

  Messina, Anthony M ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 34248071998     PISSN: 00346705     EISSN: 17486858     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0034670500031181     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Serious efforts to curb labor migration began as early as 1962. On this point see Zig Lay ton-Henry, The Politics of Race in Britain (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1984), pp. 38-43.
2. For a brief discussion of this general point see Stephen Castles and M. J. Miller, The Age of Migration (New York: Guilford Press, 1993), p. 76.
3. Roger Eatwell, "Why Has the Extreme Right Failed in Britain?" in The Extreme Right in Europe and the USA, ed. Paul Hainsworth (London: Pinter Publishers, 1992).
4. See Layton-Henry, Politics of Race, p. 106.
5. During the 1990s the number of persons seeking asylum in Britain significantly expanded and, in conjunction with this influx, so too did the number of "over stayers" and other irregular and illegal persons. See Organization for Cooperation and Development, Trends in International Migration, Annual Report 1999 (Paris: OECD, 1999), p. 216.
6. Zig Layton-Henry, "Britain: The Would-be Zero Immigration Country," in Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective, ed. Wayne A. Cornelius, Philip L. Martin, and James F. Hollifield (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994).
7. James F. Hollifield, Immigrants, Markets, and States: The Political Economy of Postwar Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), p. 93.
8. Kathleen Paul, Whitewashing Britain: Race and Citizenship in the Postwar Era (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997).
9. Kathleen Paul, Whitewashing Britain: Race and Citizenship in the Postwar Era, Ibid., p. 93.
10. The dispute revolves around the issue of how much the British government was concerned about the unanticipated arrival of non-white workers during the late 1950s. The emerging dominant viewpoint is that, from its outset, the government was far more alarmed about non-white immigration than many scholars had previously assumed.
11. Layton-Henry, Politics of Race, p. 23.
12. David Butler and Anne Sloman, British Political Facts 1900-1979 (London: Macmillan, 1980), p. 300.
13. Stephen Castles and Godula Kosack, Immigrant Workers and Class Structure in Western Europe (London: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 31.
14. See Butler and Sloman, British Political Facts, pp. 298-300.
15. The Economist, 4 November 1961 and 7August 1965
16. and Jeannette Money, Fences and Neighbors: The Political Geography of Immigration Control (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999), p. 66.
17. The decision to curb labor migration to Britain occurred eight years earlier than a similar decision in Sweden and twelve years earlier than in France, for example.
18. K. Jones and A. D. Smith, The Economic Impact of Commonwealth Immigration (London: Cambridge University Press, 1970)
19. Gary P. Freeman, "Britain, the Deviant Case," in Cornelius, Controlling Immigration, p. 298
20. E. J. B. Rose, Associates, Colour and Citizenship: A Report on British Race Relations (London: Oxford University Press, 1969), pp. 639-655
21. Stephen Castles and Godula Kosack, Immigrant Workers and Class Structure in Western Europe (London: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 425.
22. Advancing the traditional view on this score, for example, are Randall Hansen, Citizenship and Immigration in Postwar Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 120
23. Christian Joppke, Immigration and the Nation-State: The United States, Germany and Great Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 102
24. D. T. Studlar, "Elite Responsiveness or Elite Autonomy: British Immigration Policy Reconsidered," Ethnic and Racial Studies 3 (1980); and Zig Layton-Henry The Politics of Immigration (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), pp. 73-74. A somewhat more nuanced, but not incompatible, perspective has recently been advanced by Money, Fences and Neighbors, who puts the contestation of postwar British immigration policy in a spatial context.
25. The best example of this revisionist viewpoint is Paul, Whitewashing Britain.
26. Gary P. Freeman, Immigrant Labor and Racial Conflict in Industrial Societies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), p. 184.
27. With regard to the recent shortages of skilled labor in the United Kingdom see BBC News, "Migrants 'benefit UK Economy/" 21 July 2000. With regard to the German case see Philip Martin, "German Green Cards" (unpublished paper, 2000).
28. Shamit Saggar, "Immigration and Economics: The Politics of Race and Immigration in the Postwar Period," in The Road from 1945, ed. H. Fawcett and R. Lowe (London: Macmillan, 1996).
29. See Anthony M. Messina, Race and Party Competition in Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 21-52.
30. Paul Pierson, Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Retrenchment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 171
31. and Paul Pierson, "The Path to European Integration: An Historical Institutionalist Account," Comparative Political Studies 29 (1996).
32. See, for example, BBC News, "Wanted: Somebody...Anybody?" 11 September 2000
33. The Economist, 26 September 1998
34. and Organization for Cooperation and Development, Trends, p. 216.
35. Saggar, "Immigration and Economics."
36. On this point see A. M. Messina, "Political Impediments to the Resumption of Labour Migration to Western Europe," West European Politics 13 (1990).
37. A. M. Messina, "Political Impediments to the Resumption of Labour Migration to Western Europe," West European Politics, Ibid.
38. Layton-Henry, Politics of Immigration, pp. 22-36.
39. Some policy change could, of course, be introduced at the margins, however.
40. Paul, Whitewashing Britain, p. 162.
41. A 1997 British Election Study survey cited in Shamit Saggar, Race and Representation: Electoral Politics and Ethnic Pluralism in Britain (Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, forthcoming), chapter 6.
42. See, for example, the conspicuous absence of this question in George. H. Gallup, ed. The Gallup International Public Opinion Polls: Great Britain 1937-1975, 2 vols. (New York: Random House, 1976).
43. On this point see Ibid., pp. 614 and 949.
44. On these points see European Commission, Eurobaronteter 48 (1997): 70
45. Organization for Co-operation and Development, Trends, p. 263.
46. See F. W. S. Craig, British General Election Manifestos 1900-1974 (London: Macmillan, 1975), pp. 239-477
47. and the series, The Times Guide to the House of Commons (London: Times Books, 1979-1992).
48. Marian Fitzgerald, Political Parties and Black People (London: Runnymede Trust, 1984), p. 21.
49. Ethnic Minorities and the 1983 General Election (London: Commission for Racial Equality, 1984), p. 23.
50. Paul Whiteley et al, True Blues: The Politics of Conservative Party Membership (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 252-267
51. See Patrick Seyd and Paul Whiteley, labour's Grass Roots: The Politics of Party Membership (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 121-125
52. Layton-Henry, "Britain: The Would-be Zero Immigration Country."
53. On this point see Ira Katznelson, Black Men, White Cities: Race, Politics, and Migration in the United States, 1900-1930
54. and Britain, 1948-1968 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1976), pp. 126-129
55. See, for example, Joel Kreiger, Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Decline (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).
56. Peter Hall, Governing the Economy: The Politics of State Intervention in Britain and France (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 283.
57. Peter Hall, Governing the Economy: The Politics of State Intervention in Britain and France, Ibid., p. 136.
58. Gary P. Freeman, "Migration and the Political Economy of the Welfare State/' The Annals 485 (May 1986): 61.
59. Gary P. Freeman, "Migration and the Political Economy of the Welfare State" The Annals. Ibid., p. 62.
60. Layton-Henry, Politics of Immigration, pp. 67-68.
61. On this point see Pierson, Dismantling the Welfare State?, p. 8
62. On this point see Zig Layton-Henry, "Race and the Thatcher Government," in Race, Government and Politics in Britain, ed. Zig Layton-Henry and Paul B. Rich (London: Sage, 1986), pp. 75-76.
63. See, among many others, The Politics of Thatcherism, ed. Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1983).
64. Ivor Crewe, "The Thatcher Legacy," inBritain at the Polls 1992, ed. Anthony King et al. (Chatham, N.J.: Chatham House, 1992), pp. 19-21.
65. Ivor Crewe, "Why the Conservatives Won," in Britain at the Polls, 1979: A Study of the General Election, ed. Howard R. Penniman (Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1981), pp. 284-285
66. Speech of the Conservative Home Minister, William Whitelaw, to the Bow Group, London (June 27,1980).
67. Messina, Race and Party Competition, pp. 46-48.
68. Messina, Race and Party Competition, Ibid., pp. 12 and 47.
69. Home Office, Control of Immigration Statistics, UK, HMSO 1982-1997.
70. Ivor Crewe, "How to Win a Landslide Without Really Trying: Why the Conservatives Won in 1983," in Britain at the Polls, 1983: A Study of the General Election, ed. Austin Ranney (Durham, NC: Duke University/American Enterprise Institute Press, 1985), p. 177.
71. On this point see Messina, Race and Party Competition, pp. 39-46.
72. For a discussion of these intra-party schisms see Ibid., pp. 21-34.
73. With respect to these divisions see A. M. Messina, "Ethnic Minorities and the British Party System in the 1990s and Beyond," inRace and British Electoral Politics, ed. Shamit Saggar (London: University College London Press, 1998), pp. 73-95
74. and The Economist, 23 December 2000, p. 88.
75. Patrick Seyd and Paul Whiteley Labour's Grassroots: The Politics of Party Membership (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 37.
76. Andrew Geddes, "Asian and Afro-Caribbean Representation in Elected Local Government in England and Wales," New Community 20 (1993): 43-57.
77. On this point see Kalbir Shukra, "New Labour Debates and Dilemmas," in Saggar, Race, pp. 117-144
78. Messina, "Ethnic Minorities."
79. On this point see Ibid.
80. In a 1997 survey, more than twice as many white Britons felt that the Labour Party rather than the Conservative Party "very closely" guarded the interests of ethnic minorities. Approximately two-thirds of ethnic minority voters saw the Labour Party as "looking after" their interests. Saggar, Race and Representation, chap. 7.
81. On this point see Edward DeClair, Politics on the Fringe: The People, Politics and Organization of the French National Front (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999).
82. Hansen, Citizenship and Immigration, p. 244.