Rawls in the Nordic countries

European Journal of Political Theory

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 181-198

  Føllesdal, Andreas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

Europeanization; Justice; Legal realism; Norden; Nordic; Parliamentary sovereignty; Rawls; Scandinavia; Social democratic welfare state regime; Welfare state

Indexed keywords

EID: 34248069169     PISSN: 14748851     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1474885102001002005     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Cf. Kangas Olli (1998) 'Rättvis fördelning och socialpolitiska modeller - Rawls i internationell jämförelse (Fair Distribution and Socio-Political Models)', Tidskriftför politisk filosofi 1: 5-24.
2. The information draws on four main sorts of sources: personal requests for information; searches in the Social Sciences Citation Index SSCI and the Arts and Humanities Citation Index A&HCI; and internet searches.
3. Folke Schmidt (1978) 'The Uppsala School of Legal Thinking', Scandinavian Studies in Law 22,
4. cited in Gregory S. Alexander (2002) 'Property in the Two Legal Realisms', American Journal of Comparative Law 50.
5. Axel Hägerström (1953) Inquiries into the Nature of Law and Morals, Karl Olivekrona (ed.) and tr. C.D. Broad. Uppsala: Almquist& Wiksell;
6. John Rawls (1955) 'Review of Axel Hägerström Inquiries into the Nature of Law and Morals', Mind 64: 421-2.
7. Finland was not influenced much, instead following German traditions.
8. Cf. H.L.A. Hart (1959) 'Scandinavian Realism', Cambridge Law Journal;
9. Jan-Erik Lane and Hans Stenlund (1989) Politisk teori (Political Theory). Lund: Studentlitterature.
10. Karl Olivecrona (1971) Law as Fact. London: Stevens;
11. Alf Ross (1946) Toward a Realistic Jurisprudence, tr. Annie Fausb̈ll. Copenhagen: Munksgaard;
12. Alf Ross (1959) On Law and Justice. Berkeley: University of California Press.
13. Ross (n. 7, 1959), pp. ix-x.
14. This paragraph draws on Eivind Smith (1993) Heyesterett og folkestyret (The Supreme Court and Rule by the People). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget;
15. and Eivind Smith (2002) 'Fra Eidsvold til Westminster? Om synet på grunnloven som politisk redskap' (From Eidsvold to Westminster? Views Regarding the Constitution as a Political Instrument)', in Trond Berg Eriksen, Eirik Newth, Stein Ringen and Eivind Smith (eds) Fakler om vitenskap og samfunn: Til den Polytekniske Forenings 150-Årsjubileum, pp. 146-207. Oslo: Gyldendal.
16. Ronald Dworkin (1985) A Matter of Principle. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press;
17. cf. John Rawls (2001) Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, Erin Kelly (ed.), p. 147. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
18. Such as share of the population with less than 50% of median income; and on the share of income received by the richest versus the poorest 20% of the populations. Cf. UNDP, United Nations Development Programme (2000) Human Development Yearbook, Table 5. New York: United Nations Development Programme. Data on Iceland are not provided, nor are they easily found in the Luxembourg income and poverty studies.
19. Gosta Esping-Andersen and Walter Korpi (1987) 'From Poor Relief to Institutional Welfare States: The Development of Scandinavian Social Policy', in Robert Erikson (ed.) The Scandinavian Model: Welfare States and Welfare Research, pp. 39-74. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
20. Gøsta Esping-Andersen (1990) The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
21. Their taxonomy is reminiscent of Richard M. Titmuss (1974) Social Policy. London: Allen&Unwin.
22. Though Finland and Iceland do not fit neatly into this category, which also includes the Netherlands.
23. Ignoring gender (Jane Lewis (1993) Women and Social Policies in Europe. Aldershot: Edward Elgar),
24. and cf. Robert E. Goodin, Bruce Headey, Ruud Muffels and Henk-Jan Dirven (1999) The Real Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
25. Lars Mjøset (1992) 'The Nordic Model Never Existed, But does it have a Future?', Scandinavian Studies 64: 652-71.
26. The right to work in the Norwegian Constitution (art. 110) notwithstanding. Generally, cf. Agust Arnason (2001) 'Constitutionalism: Popular Legitimacy of the State?', in Martin Scheinin (ed.) The Welfare State and Constitutionalism in the Nordic Countries, pp. 29-78, at 73. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers.
27. Though the Netherlands, Finland and Iceland do not fit this pattern. See Mjøset (n. 15) for presentation and critique of attempts at identifying a Nordic model.
28. Mjoset (n. 15); Christoffer Green-Pedersen, Kees van Kersbergen and Anton Hemerijck (2001) 'Neo-Liberalism, the "Third Way" or What? Recent Social Democratic Welfare Policies in Denmark and the Netherlands', Journal of European Public Policy 8(2): 307-25.
29. Bo Rothstein (1998) Just Institutions Matter: The Moral and Political Logic of the Universal Welfare State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. Bo Rothstein (1998) Just Institutions Matter: The Moral and Political Logic of the Universal Welfare State, Ibid., 47-8.
31. Cf. Robert Erikson (1993) 'Descriptions of Inequality: The Swedish Approach to Welfare Research', in Martha Nussbaum and Amartya K. Sen (eds) The Quality of Life, pp. 67-83, at 82. World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) of the United Nations University. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
32. Stein Kuhnle (1994) 'Velferdsstatens politiske grunnlag (The Political Foundations of the Welfare State)', in Aksel Hatland, Stein Kuhnle and Tor Inge Romoren Den Norske Velferdsstaten, pp. 29-46, at 30. Oslo: Gyldendal/Ad Notam.
33. Rawls (n. 10), 132-3.
34. Mats Lundström, personal communication.
35. Hallvard Bakke (2000) Dagsavisen (8 May). http://www.dagsavisen.no/kommentar/dagens-kommentar/2000/05/476286.shtml.
36. Quoted in SAMAK -Joint Committee of the Nordic Socal Democratic Labour Movement (2001) Folkstyret Infor Framtiden: Demokrati i Norden på 2000-talet (Rule by the People in the Future: Democracy in the Nordic Countries in the 20005). Stockholm: SAMAK.
37. NOU 17 (1993): 46-7; my translation.
38. Jan-Erik Lane, Per Mouritsen and Joakim Nergelius, personal communications.
39. On the political role of the Church in the Nordic countries, cf. Aage B. Sorensen (1998) 'On Kings, Pietism and Rent Seeking in Scandinavian Welfare States', Acta Sociologica 41(4): 363-75.
40. Cf. Andreas Follesdal (ed.) (2002) 'Saami Claims to Land and Water', Special Issue, International Journal on Minority and Group Rights.
41. See Appendix I for details.
42. Sven Ove Hansson (1993) Vad är rättvisa? (What is Justice?). Samtal om rättvisa (Dialogues about Justice). Stockholm: Swedish Labour Union.
43. For more examples, see Appendix 2.
44. www.ytringsfrihed.dk/artikler/dahl.shtml
45. Grenlandsposten (5 Oct. 2000) - atagu.ki.gl/debat/INDLAEG/2000/20000100501.htm
46. bahnhof.se/~danne/gidehagi99.htm
47. www.etiskraad.dk/publikationer/givmig/
48. kva.se/sve/pg/priser/schock/pressm99.html
49. Hans Ingvar Roth (1999) 'Dygder i det mängkulturella samhället (Virtues in the Multicultural Society)', in Patrick Aspers and Emil Uddhammar (eds) Framtidens dygder om etik i praktiken. Stockholm: City University Press.
50. Hans Ingvar Roth (1998) Den mångkulturella parken: Om värdegemenskap i skola og samhälle (The Multicultural Park: On Common Values in Schools and in Society). Stockholm: Skolverkets monografserie Liber förlag.
51. A. Dubgaard, P. Sandoe, C. Gamborg and A. Larsen (1999) 'Bæredygdighed - okonomi, etik og energi (Sustainability - Economics, Ethics and Energy)', Nationaløkonomisk Tidsskrift 137(3): 256-83;
52. Alex Dubgaard (1996) 'Økonomi, miljø og etik (Economics, Environment and Ethics)', Okonomi&Politik 2;
53. Christian Munthe (1997) Etiska aspekter päjordbruk (Ethical Aspects of Agriculture). Report 14. Jönköping: Jordbruksverket.
54. Oluf Langhelle (1999) 'Era ideer til politikk: Bæekraftig utvikling - svada eller rettesnor for samfunnsutviklingen? (From Ideas to Politics)', PhD thesis. Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo.
55. Oluf Langhelle (2000) 'Sustainable Development and Social Justice: Expanding the Rawlsian Framework of Global Justice', Environmental Values 9(3): 295-323.
56. Andreas Follesdal (1995) 'Bærekraftig utvikling og internasjonal rettferdighet (Sustainable Development and International Justice)', in Oluf Langhelle and William Lafferty (eds) Bærekrafti g utvikling -Om utviklingens mal og bæekraftens betingelser, pp. 77-92. Oslo: Ad Notam Gyldendal.
57. Jörgen Poulsen at the Department of Political Science at Arhus University, Denmark; and Jörgen Odalen, Uppsala University.
58. Erik Christensen, Denmark.
59. The Norwegian Official report on civil disobedience (NOU 1979: 51); in Sweden, Per Herngreen (1990) Handbok i civil olydnad (Handbook on Civil Disobedience). Stockholm: Bonniers.
60. Niels Hebert and Kerstin Jacobsson (1999) Olydiga medborgare? Om flyktninggömmare och djurrättsaktivister (Disobedient Compatriots? About Hiders of Refugees, and Animal Activists), vol. 27. Stockholm: Demokratiutredningen.
61. Lars Vikinge, and Tom Regan's discussion translated in Lisa Gålmark (éd.) (1997) Djur och Människor (Animals and Humans). Nya Doxa.
62. Contributors include Juha Räikkä (1992) An Essay on International Justice. Academic dissertation, vol. 6. Reports from the Department of Practical Philosophy, Turku, Finland: University of Turku; Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson, University of Iceland; and the Norwegian Cathrine S. Amundsen (senterpartiet.no/sul/nyh/010308csa).
63. Hilary Putnam (1997) 'A Half Century of Philosophy', in Thomas Bender and Carl E. Schorske (eds) American Academic Culture in Transformation, pp. 193-226, at 207. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
64. See also Mjoøset (n. 15).
65. Cf. Smith (n. 9), 284-5; Arnason (n. 16).
66. Smith (n. 9), 33; Arnason (n. 16), 73.
67. Rothstein (n. 19).
68. Ibid., 104.
69. Erikson (n. 23), 74-5.
70. Rothstein (n. 19), 218.
71. Rogers M. Smith (1997) 'Still Blowing in the Wind: The American Quest for a Democratic, Scientific Political Science', in Thomas Bender and Carl E. Schorske (eds) American Academic Culture in Transformation, pp. 271-305, at 280. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
72. Mogens Blegvad (1984) Samfundstænkning i 100 år (100 Years of Social Thought). Copenhagen: Dansk Radio.
73. Nils Holtug, Klemens Kappel and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen (1997) Det retferdige samfund: Om lighed som ideal i etik og politik (The Just Society: Equality as Ideal in Ethics and Politics). Copenhagen: Nyt Nordisk Forlag.
74. John Rawls (1999) 'Justice as Fairness', in Rawls, Collected Papers. First published in The Philosophical Review 67 (1958): 164-94, 47-72. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Sipilä's thesis was only published within the department, but a briefer discussion appeared as Jorma Sipilää, (1970) Sosiaalipolitiikka. Helsinki: Tammi.
75. Terho Pursiainen (tr.) (1988) Oikeudenmukaisuusteoria. Porvoo: WSOY.
76. Thorsteinn Gyflason (1984) 'Hvad er réttlaeti? (What is Justice?)', Skirnir 158: 159-222.
77. John Rawls (1999) 'Two Concepts of Rules', in Rawls, Collected Papers. Reprint from Philosophical Review 64: 3-32, pp. 20-46. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press;
78. Kai Dramer (tr.) (1970) 'To typer regier', in Eivind Storheim (ed.) Bentham, Mill, Rawls: Moralognytte. Filosofiske tekster om Utilitarismen. Oslo: Gyldendal.
79. Gudmund Hernes (1976) 'Ulikhet, effektivitet og rettferdighet (Inequality, Efficiency and Justice)', Else 0yen (ed.) Sosiologi og ulikhet: En innføringsbok, pp. 144-58. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
80. Andreas Follesdal (1993) 'John Rawls', in Trond Berg Eriksen (ed.) Vestens Tenkere, vol. 3, pp. 439-51. Oslo: Aschehoug.
81. Rawls (n. 10); Kai Swensen (tr.) and Andreas Føllesdal (ed.) (2002) John Rawls: Rettferdighet som rimelighet (Justice as Fairness). Oslo: Pax.
82. Stefan Bj̈rklund (1977) Den uppenbara l̈sningen (The Obvious Solution). Stockholm: Bonniers.
83. Evert Vedung (1977) Det rationella politiska samtalet (The Rational Political Conversation). Stockholm: Aldus.
84. Marc Wogau (1983) Filosofin genom tiderna (Philosophy through the Ages). Stockholm: Thales.
85. Sven Ove Hansson and J̈rgen Hermansson (eds) (1993) Ideer om rättvisa - texter av John Rawls, Amartya Sen, Michael Walser (Ideas about Justice -Texts by John Rawls, Amartya Sen, Michael Walzer). Stockholm: Tiden.
86. Hansson (n. 31); Svante Nordin (1996) Det pessimistiska fornuftet (Pessimistic Reason). Stockholm.
87. Svante Nordin (1999) Det politisk tänkandets historie (The History of Political Thought). Lund: Studentliteratur.
88. Annika Persson (tr.) (1999) John Rawls: En teori om rättvisa. Stockholm: Daidalos.
89. Annika Persson (tr.) (2001) John Rawls: Folkens rätt; och åter till idén om offentligt fȯrnuft. Gothenburg: Daidalos.
90. This brief account of Rawls's academic reception draws on searches in the Social Sciences Citation Index SSCI and Arts and Humanities Citation Index A&HCI, for contributions in Danish, Finnish, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, that refer to Rawls 1971, 1973, 1993 and 1998. Less than 20 articles showed up, and hardly any of them had been cited in turn. The presentation also reflects a thorough search of Icelandic sources done by Vilhjálmur Árnason and Dagfinnur Sveinbjornsson: the journals Hugur and Skirnir since 1972; 'Greinir' (index of scholarly articles published in Icelandic); publications of the Centre for Ethics and the Philosophy Institute, and Icelandic websites for 'Rawls'. The small set of findings reflects an incomplete inclusion of journals in these indices, e.g. excluding the discussions of Rawls in the Swedish Ekonomisk debatt. Also, Nordic-based English-language journals such as Inquiry, Theoria, Theory and Decision, are not included. In addition, several Nordic authors contribute in English-language journals and books on these topics.
91. 2 (1996) and 4 (2000).
92. Henrik Palmer Olsen (1997) Rationalitet, ret og moral (Rationality, Law and Morality). Copenhagen: Jurist-og Okomforbundets Forlag;
93. Soren Flinch Midtgaard (2001) 'Equality and Stability', PhD thesis, Århus: Århus University.
94. Per Mouritsen (2001) 'The Fragility of Liberty: A Reconstruction of Republican Citizenship', PhD thesis, Fiesole: European University Institute.
95. Räikkä (n. 44). Sirkku Hellsten (1997) 'In Defense of Moral Individualism', PhD thesis, Helsinki: Acta Philosophical Fennica.
96. Terho Pursiainen (1997) bänmaallisuus: Keskinäinen Osakkuusja Kepeyden Filosofia (Love of One's Country. Mutual Shareholding and the Philosophy of Lightness). Dr. Tri. Helsinki: Gaudeamus.
97. Kristján Kristjánsson (1997) Aftvennu illu: Ritgerdir urn heimspeki. Reykjavik: Heimskringla.
98. Ágúst Hjörtur Ingthórsson (1994) 'Pólítisk frjálslyndisstefna Rawls', Tilraunir Handa Thorsteini, 36-53. Reykjavik: Háskóli Islands.
99. Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson (1990-2) 'Um réttlaetiskenningu Johns Rawls', Íslensk félagsrit 2-4: 119-26.
100. Vilhjálmur Árnason (1997) Réttlaeti og heimilisranglaeti í Ijósi samraedusidfraedinnar'. (Justice and Domestic Injustice in the Light of Discourse Ethics)', Fjölskyldan og réttlaetid. Reykjavik: Haskóli Íslands.
101. A. Mastekaasa (1983) 'Om inntektsulikhet og sosial velferd (On Income Inequality and Social-Welfare)', Tidsskriftfor Samfunnsforskning 24(2): 175-85.
102. Kai Ingolf Johannesen (1999) 'Christian Commitment and Reasonable Consensus in Pluralist Societies: John Rawls' Idea of an Overlapping Consensus in the Perspective of Theological Social Ethics as Conceived of by Martin Honecker', Dr. Theol. Dissertation, Oslo: University of Oslo.
103. Hilde Bojer (1995) 'Barn og fordelingsrettferdighet (Children and Distributive Justice)', Tidsskrift for Samfunnsforskning 36(1): 93-104.
104. Hilde Bojer (2001) 'Kvinner i John Rawls' samfunnskontrakt' (Women in John Rawls's Social Contract)', Tidsskrift for Samfunnsforskning.
105. Hilde Bojer (1995) 'Hva Rawls egentlig mente (What Rawls Really Thought)', Sosiahkonomen 11.
106. Agnar Sandmo (1994) 'Velferdsstaten -resultater, problemer, reformer (The Welfare State -Results, Problems, Reforms)', Det norske vitenskaps-akademi Ärbok 1994 89-102.
107. Agnar Sandmo (1996) 'Hur lángt bor vi gå i utjämningen av inkomster? (How Far Should We Go Regarding Equalisation of Income?)', Ekonomisk debatt 24(8): 619-30.
108. Bertil Tungodden (1999) 'The Distribution Problem and Rawlsian Reasoning', Social Choice and Welfare 16: 599-614.
109. J. Hemberg (1977) 'Ethics in Sweden: Discussion of 705', Zeitschrift für Evangelisches Ethik 21(4): 241-56.
110. Dag Pravitz (1977) 'Meanings and Proofs: Conflict between Classical and Intuitionistic Logic', Theoria 43: 2-40.
111. Peter Gärdenfors (1978) 'Fairness without Interpersonal Comparisons', Theoria 44: 57-74.
112. Folke Tersman (1993) Reflective Equilibrium: An Essay in Moral Epistemology. Stockholm Studies in Philosophy, 14. Stockholm: Almqvist&
113. Wiksell. Mats Lundstrom (1993) Politikern moraliska rum: En Studie i F. A. Hayeks politiska filosofi (The Moral Space of Politics: A Study of the Political Philosophy of F. A. Hayek). Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 116. Stockholm: Almqvist&
114. Wiksell. Nils Oberg (1994) 'Gränslös rättvisa eller rättvisa inom gränser (Limitless Justice or Justice within Limits)', PhD thesis, Uppsala: Uppsala University.
115. Jouni Reinikainen (1999) 'Right Against Right: Membership and Justice in Post-Soviet Estonia', PhD thesis, Stockholm: Stockholm University.
116. Mikael Axberg (1997) Rattvisa och demokrati: Om prioriteringar i sjukvärden (Justice and Democracy. On Priorities in Health Care). Stockholm: Almqvist&
117. Wiksell. Ludvig Beckman (2001) The Liberal State and the Politics of Virtue. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press.
118. Hansson and Hermansson (n. 64).
119. Leif Lewin (1990) Upptaäckten av framtiden (Discovery of the Future). Stockholm: Norstedts.
120. Bo Lindensjö (1999) 'Rawls', misstag (Rawls's Mistake)', Shatter och välfärd, 2.
121. Bo Lindensjö (1988) 'Rawlsian Justice and the Modern State', in D. Sainsbury (ed.) Democracy, State and Justice. Stockholm: Almquist&
122. Wiksell International. Nordin (n. 65);
123. Bo Rothstein (1994) Vad bør staten gøra: Välfdrdsstatens politiska och moraliska logik. Stockholm: SNS-Forlag; in English as Rothstein (n. 19).
124. Torbjörn Tännsjö (2000) Grundbok i normativ etik (Introduction to Normative Ethics). Stockholm: Thaies.
125. Aleksander Peczenik (1995) Vad ärrätt (What is Right). Stockholm: Fritzes Förlag.
126. Joakim Nergelius (i 996) Konstitutioneilt rättighetsskydd: Svensk rätt i et komparativtperspektiv (Constitutional Rights Protection: Swedish Law in Comparative Perspective). Doctoral dissertation in Law, Lund: University of Lund.
127. 'Conscience of Society', www.uvm.dk/nt/indlaeg/ippS/polkron.htm
128. www.minimalstaten.venstre.nu/394.o.html
129. Anders Samuelsen, 28 Oct. 1998, cf. folketinget.dk.
130. Vilhjalmur Arnason (1993) Sidfraedi lifs og dauda (The Ethics of Life and Death). Reykjavik: Háskóli Islands. Kristjánsson (n. 71).
131. dna.no/internett/politikk/taler/stoltenberg/ce855i.html
132. Bakke (n. 24).
133. NOU 51 (1979) Om verneplikt (On Compulsory Military Service).
134. NOU 17 (1993) Levekär i Norge: Er graset gnnt for alle? (Living Conditions in Norway: Is the Grass Green for All?). Oslo: Statens Forvaltningstjeneste.
135. NOU 13 (1996). Offentlige overferinger til barnefamilier (Public Transfers to Families with Children).
136. NO U 27 (1997) Nytte-kostnadsanalyser: Prinsipper for Imnsomhetsvurderinger i offentlig sektor (Cost-Benefit Analyses: Principles for Assessing Profitability in Public Sector).
137. Andreas Follesdal (1999) 'Hvorfor likhet, hva slags likhet? Normative foringer på forskning om makt og demokrati (Why Equality -Equality of What? Normative Guidelines for Research on Power and Democracy)', Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning 24(2): 123-47.
138. Andreas Follesdal (2002) 'KRL-faget og Hoyesterett: Vitneerklæring ved Human-etisk forbunds ankesak om KRL-faget i Hoyesterett (Christianity and Other Religions and Philosophies of Life and the Supreme Court. Statement for the Humanists's Appeal to the Supreme Court)', Mennesker og rettigheter 70-9.
139. Including SOU 1999:137, On National Targets for Public Health. Hebert and Jacobsson (n. 42).
140. www.Tidskriftenordobild.se
141. www.folkpartiet.se