The nation as a problem: Historians and the "national question"

History and Theory

Volumn 40, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 324-346

  Palti, Elías José ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE QUILMES   (Argentina)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34248067807     PISSN: 00182656     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/0018-2656.00171     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Otto Bauer, "The Nation," in Mapping the Nation, ed. Gopal Balakrishnan (London: Verso, 1996), 41
2. On the connections between Herder's philosophy of history and the natural sciences of his time, see Palti, "The Metaphor of Life: Herder's Philosophy of History and Uneven Developments in the Natural Sciences of His Time," History and Theory 38 (1999), 322-347.
3. See Helmut Müller-Sieves, Self-Generation: Biology, Philosophy, and Literature Around 1800 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997)
4. See Lester King, "Stahl and Hoffmann: A Study in Eighteenth-Century Animism," Journal of the History of Medicine 19 (1964), 118-130
5. Oswald Temkin, "German Concepts of Ontogeny and History around 1800," in The Double Face of Janus and Other Essays in the History of Medicine (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977)
6. Shirley Roe, Matter, Life, and Generation: Eighteenth-Century Biology and the Haller-Wolff Debate (Cambridge, Eng. : Cambridge University Press, 1981)
7. and Charles W. Rodemer, "Regeneration and the Decline of Prefomiism in Eighteenth-Century Embryology," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 38 (1964), 20-31
8. Herder, Outlines of a Philosophy of the History of Man (London: Luke Hanfard, 1803), II, 42.
9. Bauer, "The Nation," 68.
10. Herder himself would be an example of this. According to Frederick Beiser, far from being proto-fascist, Herder held radical and even anarchist political ideas (see Beiser, Enlightenment, Revolution, and Romanticism: The Genesis of Modern German Political Thought, 1790-1800 [Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992], 201-215)
11. Lord Action, "Nationality," in Balakrishnan, ed. , Mapping the Nation, 25.
12. Anderson. "Introduction," in Balakrishnan, ed. , Mapping the Nation, 5
13. Renan, "What is a Nation?," in Nation and Narration, ed. Homi Bhabha (London and New York: Routledge, 1991), 11
14. Martin Thorn, "Tribes within Nations: The Ancient Germans and the History of Modern France," in Bhabha, ed., Nation and Narration, 23
15. Renan, El origen del lenguaje (Buenos Aires: Albatros, 1946), 67.
16. Breuilly, Nationalism and the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 8.
17. Renan, "What is a Nation?," 19.
18. Kemiläinem called them the "twin fathers of academic scholarship on nationalism." See Aira Kemilainem, Nationalism; Problems Concerning the Word, the Concept and Classification (Jyväskyla: Kustantajat, 1964)
19. In Theories of Nationalism, Anthony Smith traces an interesting review of the studies on nationalism in this present century (Smith, Theories of Nationalism [New York: Holmes & Meier, 1983])
20. Boyd Shafer, Nationalism, Myth and Reality (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1955), 5.
21. Rouche, La Philosophic de Vhistoire de Herder (Paris: Faculte de Lettres de 1'Universite de Strasbourg, 1940), 25 and 91.
22. On the transformation in the Marxist perspectives of nationalism, see Ephraim Nimni, Marxism and Nationalism: Theoretical Origins of a Political Crisis (London and Boulder: Pluto Press, 1991)
23. Palti, "Liberalism vs. Nationalism: Hobsbawnrs Dilemma," Telos 95 (1993), 109-126
24. Weismann, Essays Upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1891).
25. See Nicolas Rasmussen, "The Decline of Recapitulationism in Early Twentieth-Century Biology: Disciplinary Conflict and Consensus on the Battleground of Theory," Journal of the History of Biology 24 (1991), 52-89
26. Henri Bergson, Time and Free Will (Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience) [1889] (New York: Harper &Row, 1960), 12.
27. In Kittler's words, "the discourse network of 1800 played the game of not being a discourse network and pretended instead to be the inwardness and voice of Man; in 1900 a type of writing assumes power that does not conform to traditional writing systems but rather radicalizes the technology of writing in general" (Kittler, Discourse Networks, 211-212).
28. See Palti. "Time, Modernity, and Time Irreversibility," Philosophy and Social Criticism 23 (1997), 27-62
29. Benito Mussolini, "Speech delivered at Naples, October 24, 1922,".
30. Le Van Baumer. Main Currents of Western Thought (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1978), 748
31. Rosenberg, The Myth of the Twentieth Century, in Baumer, Main Currents of Western Thought, 751.
32. Theodor Adorno, "Society," Salgamundi, 10-11
33. Slavok Žižek, Sublime Object of Ideology (London: Verso, 1989), 30
34. Verdery, "Whiter 'Nation' and 'Nationalism,'" in Balakrishnan, ed. , Mapping the Nation, 228
35. Hobsbawm, "Some Reflections on Nationalism," 387
36. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780 (Cambridge, Eng. : Cambridge University Press, 1990), 9
37. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983).
38. Miroslav Hroch, Social Preconditions of National Revival in Europe (Cambridge, Eng.:Cambridge University Press, 1985)
39. See Smith, "Nationalism and the Historians," in Balakrishnan, ed. , Mapping the Nation, 175-197.
40. Jürgen Habermas, "Cittadinanza e Identità Nazionale," Micromega 5 (1991), 127.
41. "In a pluralist society," affirmed Habermas, "constitutions express a purely formal consensus. ⋯ Democratic citizenship has no need to be rooted in the people's national identity. It leaves out the multiplicity of diverse cultural forms of life and it requires the socialization of every citizen within the common political culture" (Habermas, "Cittadinanza e Identità Nazionale," 127 and 132)
42. "The owl of Minerva which brings wisdom, said Hegel, flies out at dusk. It is a good sign that it is now circling round nations and nationalism" (Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, 183)
43. Hobsbawm. "Ethnicity and Nationalism in Europe Today," Anthropology Today 8 (February 1992), 8.
44. See Palti, "Liberalism vs. Nationalism: Hobsbawm's Dilemma."
45. Habermas, "The European Nation-State- Its Achievements and Its Limits: On the Past and Present of Sovereignty and Citizenship," in Balakrishnan, ed. , Mapping the Nation, 287-288.
46. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, transl. William Rehg (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996), 126
47. Palti, "Patroklos's Funeral and Habermas's Sentence: A Review-Essay of Faktizität und Geltung, by Habermas," Law & Social Inquiry 23 (1998), 1017-1044.
48. This allows him even to justify the massive bombing of the civilian population in Iraq on behalf of the defense of that order (Habermas, The Past as Future [Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press], 14-15).
49. Paul Piccone, "The Tribulations of Left Social Criticism: Reply to Palti," Telos 107 (1996), 163
50. Bhabha, "DissemiNation: Time, Narrative, and the Margins of the Modern Nation," in Bhabha, ed. , Nation and Narration, 313
51. "We then have," he stated, "a contested cultural territory where the people must be thought in a double-time; the people are the historical 'objects' of a nationalist pedagogy, giving the discourse an authority that is based on the pre-given or constituted historical origin or event; the people are also the 'subjects' of a process of signification that must erase any prior or originary presence of the nation people to demonstrate the prodigious, living principle of the people as that continual process by which the national life is redeemed and signified as a repeating, reproductive process" (Bhabha, "DissemiNation: Time, Narrative, and the Margins of the Modern Nation," 297).
52. Lloyd Kramer, "Historical Narratives and the Meaning of Nationalism," Journal of the History of Ideas 58 (1991), 537
53. Kristeva, "A New Type of Intellectual: The Dissident. " in The Kristeva Reader, ed. Toril Moi (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986), 298
54. For a criticism of the "substantialist" view of "minorities," see Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990).