Jean Monnet and the European Defence Community, 1950-54

Cold War History

Volumn 1, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 141-160

  Dwan, Renata ^a  

^a SIPRI ^*  (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34248067287     PISSN: 14682745     EISSN: 17437962     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/713999932     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Jean Monnet, Memoirs, trans. Richard Mayne (London: Collins, 1978), p.399.
2. The most detailed published study of EDC is Edward Fursdon's The European Defence Community: A History (London: Macmillan, 1980).
3. A key contemporary account is Raymond Aron and Daniel Lerner (eds.), France defeats EDC (New York: Praeger, 1957).
4. Monnet, Memoirs, p.338.
5. François Duchêne, Jean Monnet: The First Statesman of Interdependence (New York: Norton, 1994), p.258;
6. Eric Roussel, Jean Monnet (Paris: Fayard, 1996), p.683.
7. Philippe Vial, 'Jean Monnet, un père pour la CED?' in René Girault and Gérard Bossuat (eds.), Europe brisée, Europe retrouvée (Paris: Sorbonne, 1994), pp.197-262.
8. Pierre Melandri, Les Etats-Unis face à l'unification de l'Europe, 1945-1954 (Paris: Pedone, 1980);
9. Thomas Alan Schwartz, America's Germany: John J. McCloy and the Federal Republic of Germany (Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1991);
10. Pascaline Winand, Eisenhower, Kennedy and the United States of Europe (New York: St Martin's Press, 1993).
11. Vial, 'Jean Monnet, un père pour la CED?', pp.250-52;
12. Roussel, Jean Monnet, p.654.
13. For classical accounts see Ernst Haas, Beyond the Nation State (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1964);
14. Leon Lindberg and Stuart Scheingold (eds.), Regional Integration: Theory and Research (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971).
15. Apart from Monnet's own memoirs, see Etienne Hirsch, Ainsi va la vie (Lausanne: Fondation Jean Monnet, 1988);
16. Pierre Uri, Penser pour l'action: un fondateur de l'Europe (Paris: O. Jacob, 1991);
17. Jacques van Helmont, Options européennes, 1945-1985 (Brussels: European Commission, 1986).
18. Statement issued by Schuman, 9 May 1950, Bulletin of the Department of State, 22/571, 12 June 1950, pp.936-7;
19. NSC 82, 'US Policy Regarding Strengthening the Defense of Europe and the Nature of Germany's Contribution Thereto', Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) 1950 3, Western Europe (Washington DC: US Govt. Printing Office, 1977), p.276.
20. George Ball, one of the US officials working closely with Monnet at the time, thought it 'almost certain that, had the Korean War not accelerated the push for German rearmament, Monnet would soon have pressed the leaders of France, West Germany and the other members of the Six to create a political community', The Past Has Another Pattern (New York: Norton, 1982), p.91.
21. The Germans rejected the initial French proposition of combat teams of 4-5,000 men, demanding that the smallest units comprise 10-12,000 men. Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, Paris (MAE), EDC files (CED) 174, Paris Conference plenary sessions, March 1951, The Netherlands initially was only an observer, becoming a full participant in October 1951, see Jan van der Harst, The Netherlands and the EDC (Florence: European University Institute, 1986).
22. On the role of US officials, see John Gillingham, Coal, Steel and the Rebirth of Europe, 1945-55 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991);
23. and Clifford P Hackett, (ed.), Monnet and the Americans: The Father of a United Europe and his US Supporters (Washington, DC: Jean Monnet Council, 1995).
24. NSC-115, 'Definition of US policy on problems of the defence of Europe and the German contribution', 30 July 1951, FRUS, 1951 3, pp.851-53.
25. Konrad Adenauer, Memoirs, 1945-53 trans. Beate Rhum von Oppen (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1966), p.340.
26. Robert Ferrell (ed.), The Eisenhower Diaries (New York: Norton, 1981), p.206;
27. Melandri claims the new title was Monnet's initiative, Melandri, Les Etats-Unis face à l'unification de l'Europe, pp.227-8
28. Paul-Henri Spaak, Combats Inachevés, ii, De l'espoir aux déceptions (Paris: Fayard, 1969), pp.48-50.
29. Paolo Emilio Taviani, 'La Comunità europea di difesa: una occasione perduta', Civitas 3-4 (1979), pp.5-6.
30. See Anthony Eden, Lull Circle: The Memoirs of Anthony Eden (London: Cassell, 1960), pp.47-8;
31. and Anthony Nutting, Europe Will Not Wait (London: Hollis and Carter, 1960), p.42.
32. Dirk Spierenberg and Raymond Poidevin, The History of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1994), pp.44-5.
33. Memo of Acheson-Monnet meeting, 14 Dec. 1952, United Publications of America microfilm, (UPA) Official Conversations and Meetings of Dean Acheson, 1949-53, reel 4.
34. Monnet claimed that the chair of the ad hoc assembly committee, Paul Henri Spaak, agreed with this outline. Spaak notes having numerous conversations with Monnet on the political project, Spaak, Combats Inachevés, ii, p.55.
35. Message to NAC meeting, 18 Dec. 1952, UPA, Acheson Conversations reel 4.
36. Monnet letter to McCloy, 31 Dec. 1952, Mudd Library, Princeton, Dulles Private Papers, Vol.1, Box 62.
37. Dulles to Eisenhower, 18 Feb 1953, DDEL, Dulles Papers, White House Memo Series, Box 1;
38. Winand, Eisenhower, Kennedy and the United States of Europe, pp.38-40).
39. Georges-Henri Soutou, 'Georges Bidault et la construction européenne, 1944-54', Revue d'histoire diplomatique 105/3-1 (1991).
40. Diethelm (RPF) to Mayer, 5 Jan. 1953, AN, 363 AP 21. Debré, one of the most active opponents of the EDC, notes the initial solitary nature of his struggle against the treaty and that only in 1953 did opposition begin to mount: Michel Debre, Trois républiques pour une France: Memoirs, ii, Agir, 1946-58, (Paris: Albin Michel, 1988), p.203.
41. Renata Dwan, 'An Uncommon Community: France and the European Defence Community, 1950-54' (unpublished Ph.D. diss., Oxford University, 1996).
42. Griffiths and Milward argue that Beyen's proposal was motivated by Dutch attempts to reduce tarriff and non-tarriff barriers and provided the basis for the European customs union of the 1957 Rome Treaty: Richard Griffiths and Alan Milward, The Beyen Plan and the European Political Community (Florence: European University Institute, 1985), pp.5-11.
43. Jules Moch, Histoire du réarmament allemand depuis 1950 (Paris: Laffont, 1965), pp.316-18.
44. Debré, Trois républiques pour une France, pp.187-9.
45. NATO minutes of the NAC meeting, 14 Dec. 1953, AN, Georges Bidault papers (457 AP) 44;
46. Dulles saw both men individually before the meeting; see also Brian R. Duchin, 'The "Agonizing Reappraisal": Eisenhower, Dulles and the European Defense Community', Diplomatic History 16/2 (Spring 1992).
47. Spaak, Combats Inachevés, i, De l'indépendance à l'alliance, pp.286-9;
48. FRUS 1952-54 5, pp.1058-60.
49. C.L. Sulzberger, A Long Row of Candles: Memoirs and Diaries, 1934-54 (London: MacDonald, 1969), p.593.
50. Duchêne notes that even though institutions were his great theme, in practice Monnet tried to limit decisionmaking groups to, in effect, a directorate: Duchêlne, Jean Monnet, p.387.
51. Letter to Murnane, 7 July 1953, reproduced in Roussel, Jean Monnet, pp.665-7.
52. Duchêne, Jean Monnet, p.358.