Statutory exemptions for religious freedom

Journal of Church and State

Volumn 44, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 291-316

  Fisher, Louis ^a  

^a LIBRARY OF CONGRESS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34248064597     PISSN: 0021969X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jcs/44.2.291     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. U.S. Selective Service System, Conscientious Objection (Special Monograph No. 11) (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1950), 1: 30
2. Journals of the Continental Congress, 34 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904-36), 2: 189 [hereinafter JCC]
3. Annals of Congress, 1: 434
4. Senate Journal (1789), 1: 63-64
5. Annals of Congress (1790), 2: 1869-70, 1871-75
6. Congressional Globe, 37th Cong., 3d Sess. (1863), 994
7. Congressional Record, 55: 1473, 1528-30 (1917)
8. For pressure from religious groups to remove the membership requirement, see Julien Cornell, The Conscientious Objector and the Law (New York: John Day Co., 1943), 7, 12
9. Congress Looks at the Conscientious Objector (Washington, D.C.: National Service Board for Religious Objectors, 1943), 15, 74-75
10. Cornell, The Conscientious Objector and the Law, 13
11. United States v. Seeger, 380 U.S. 163 (1965) at 165-66
12. Chester James Antieau, Arthur T. Downey, and Edward C. Roberts, Freedom from Federal Establishment: Formation and Early History of the First Amendment Religion Clauses (Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce Publishing Co., 1964), 76
13. Annals of Congress (1789), 1: 18
14. Annals of Congress (1789), 1: 104-05, 233
15. House Journal (1789), 1: 11-12
16. Gaillard Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, 9 vols. (New York: G. P. Putnam's, Sons, 1900-1910), 9:100 (letter to Edward Livingston, 10 July 1822)
17. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lemer, eds., The Founders' Constitution, 5 vols. (Chicago, 111.: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 5: 104
18. Congressional Globe, 36th Cong., 1st Sess. (1860), 648-49
19. See Bertrum Wallace Korn, Eventual Years and Experiences (Cincinnati, Ohio: American Jewish Archives, 1954), 107
20. Bertram Wallace Korn, American Jewry and the Civil War (Philadelphia, Pa.: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1951), 63-68
21. Jonathan D. Sarna and David G. Dalin, Religion and State in the American Jewish Tradition (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1997), 130
22. See also Albert Isaac Slomovitz, The Fighting Rabbis: Jewish Military Chaplains and American History (New York: New York University Press, 1999), 10-18
23. Federal Register (1995), 60: 46485
24. Arvo Van Alstyne, "Tax Exemption of Church Property," Ohio State Law Journal 20 (1959): 461, 462 n.6
25. Bell's Gap R.R. v. Pennsylvania, 134 U.S. 232 (1890) at 237
26. Anson Phelps Stokes, Church and State in the United States, 3 vols. (New York: Harper & Bros., 1950), 3: 419
27. John Witte, Jr., "Tax Exemption of Church Property: Historical Anomaly or Valid Constitutional Practice?," Southern California Law Review 64 (1991): 363, 380-81
28. James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 20 vols. (New York: Bureau of National Literature, 1897-1925): 9: 4288-89
29. Walz v. Tax Commission, 397 U.S. 664 (1970) at 676-68
30. Ronald B. Flowers, "Tax Exemption and the Clergy: On Vows of Poverty and Parsonage Allowances," in Religion and the State, ed. James E. Wood, Jr. (Waco, Tex.: Baylor University Press, 1983), 359
31. Public Papers of the Presidents, 1982, I: 38
32. Congressional Record (1913), 51: 615
33. Richard F. Hamm, Shaping the Eighteenth Amendment: Temperance Reform, Legal Culture, and the Polity, 1880-1920 (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 228-29
34. Congressional Record (1917), 54: 3396 (exchange between Senators Vardaman, Kenyon, and Reed)
35. Peter J. Ferrara, "Social Security and Taxes," in Donald B. Kraybill, ed., The Amish and the State (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), 132
36. United States v. Lee, 455 U.S. 252 (1982) at 256
37. "Social Security Coverage of Amish Workers," hearing before the House Committee on Ways and Means, 100th Cong., 1st Sess. (1987), 11-12
38. See also the statement by Jesse Neuenschwander, Bishop, Eastern Pennsylvania Mennonite Church, ibid., 15
39. Congressional Record (1988), 134: 20497
40. see Dewey v. Reynolds Metals Co., 402 U.S. 689 (1971)
41. Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Hardison, 432 U.S. 63 (1977)
42. See also Richard R. Hammer, Pastor, Church & Law, 2nd ed. (Matthews, N.C.: Christian Ministry Resources, 1991), 466-95
43. Congressional Record (daily ed. 28 September 1998), 144: H9122-23
44. Congressional Record (1958), 104: 1654
45. Congressional Record (1984), 130: 14298
46. Joint Service Study on Religious Matters (March 1985), 21, 25
47. Congressional Record 6655 (1986), 132: 6655 (Senator Alfonse D'Amato)
48. Congressional Quarterly Almanac (1986): 485
49. George de Verges, "Peyote and the Native American Church," American Indian Law Review 2 (1974): 71
50. See also Omer C. Stewart, Peyote Religion: A History (Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987)
51. Congressional Record (1918), 56: 11113-15
52. People v. Collins, 78 Cal.Rptr. 151 (1969)
53. Congressional Record (1965), 111: 14608
54. Federal Register (1966), 31: 4679
55. Employment Division v. Smith, 485 U.S. 660 (1988)
56. Smith v. Employment Division, 763 P.2d 146 (Ore. 1988)
57. Employment Division v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990)
58. Congressional Record (1993), 139: 9680-87
59. 107 Stat. 1488 (1993)