Behemoth: Democraticals and religious fanatics

Filozofski Vestnik

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2003, Pages

  Mastnak, Tomaž ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Behemoth; Democracy; Religious fanaticism; Republicanism; Thomas Hobbes

Indexed keywords

EID: 34248064374     PISSN: 03534510     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (215)

1. Behemoth, Epistle Dedicatory. I used the reprint of the Tönnies's edition, Behemoth, or the Long Parliament, with an Introduction by S. Holmes (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1990), and consulted Béhémoth ou le Long Parlement, ed. and trans. Luc Borot, vol. 9 of Oeuvres by Thomas Hobbes, ed. Y. Ch. Zarka (Paris: Vrin, 1990).
2. Leviathan, ed. R. Tuck (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 484;
3. Behemoth, 45;
4. and cf. Borot, Béhémoth, 264.
5. Cf. Geoffrey Vaughan, Behemoth Teaches Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes on Political Education (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2002), 104 n. 61.
6. On Hobbes's difficulties to publish under the Licensing Act, see Noel Malcolm, Aspects of Hobbes (Oxford: Clarendon, 2002), 348-49. Heath was expelled from his studentship at Oxford by the Parliamentarians and joined the royalist exiles in Paris, but whether political affinities had played a role in Hobbes's choice of the Brief Chronicle remains a question.
7. Cf. John Aubrey, Brief Lives, ed. A. Clark (Oxford: Clarendon, 1898), 1: 306;
8. Anthony Wood, Athenae oxonienses: An exact history of all the writers and bishops who have had their education in the University of Oxford, ed. Ph. Bliss (London: Printed for F. C. and J. Rivington et al., 1813-20), 3: cols. 663-64.
9. On Arlington, see especially Philip Milton, "Hobbes, Heresy and Lord Arlington," History of Political Thought 14, no. 4 (1993): 525 ff.
10. On Hobbes and Florus, see Karl Schuhmann, "Hobbes's concept of history," in Hobbes and History, ed. G. A. J. Rogers and T. Sorell (London: Routlcdge, 2000), 3-4, 20 nn. 6, 7.
11. On the popularity of Florus in the early Stuart England, see D. R. Woolf, The Idea of History in Early Stuart England: Erudition, Ideology, and "The Light of Truth" from the Accession of James I to the Civil War (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990), 173-74.
12. Cf. M. M. Goldsmith, Hobbes's Science of Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 232 ff., especially 233.
13. Hobbes to John Aubrey, 18 [/28] August 1679, in The Correspondence of Thomas Hobbes, ed. N. Malcolm (Oxford: Clarendon, 1997), 2: 772.
14. This assertion contradicts the argument that the book we call Behemoth was actually entitled by Hobbes as Epitome of the Civil Wars. See Schuhmann, "Hobbes's concept of history," 4;
15. "Thomas Hobbes, Oeuvres," British Journal for the History of Philosophy 4, no. 1 (1996): 156;
16. and Hobbes: Une chronique (Paris: Vrin, 1998), 198.
17. "Epitome" is mentioned in François du Verdus's letter to Hobbes, [3/] 13 April 1668, Correspondence, 2: 697;
18. Hugh Macdonald and Mary Hargreaves, Thomas Hobbes: A Bibliography (London: The Bibliographical Society, 1952), xv, and no. 88;
19. and Aubrey, Brief Lives, 1: 363. There is no evidence that Hobbes himself ever used that title.
20. T. Hobbes Malmesburiensis Vita, OL 1: xx;
21. trans. in The Prose Life, in Thomas Hobbes, The Elements of Law Natural and Politic, Part I Human Nature, Part II De Corpore Politico, with Three Lives, ed. J. C. A. Gaskin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 252;
22. cf. François Tricaud, "Éclaircissements sur les six première biographies de Hobbes," Archives de Philosophie 48, no. 2 (1985): 280 ff.
23. See n. 7 and Hobbes to William Crooke, 19 [/29] June 1979, and 18 [/28] August 1679, Correspondence, 2: 771, 774, where Hobbes spoke of "my Dialogue of the Civil Wars of England" and "my Book concerning the Civil Wars of England, &c.".
24. Cf. Crooke's "Bookseller's Advertisement" in Considerations upon the reputation, loyalty, manners, and religion of Thomas Hobbes of Malmsbury (1680), EW 4: 411-12.
25. Hobbes to John Aubrey, 18[/28] August 1679, Correspondence, 2: 772.
26. In that case, "the Original" referred to by Hobbes in his letter to Crooke, 19 [/29] June 1679, Correspondence, 2: 771, was not the St John's College, Oxford, manuscript, entitled Behemoth, as it is commonly assumed.
27. Behemoth, 45.
28. Consonant with this explanaition is the title Hobbes's printer and bookseller William Crooke gave to the work when he printed it "from the Author's true Copy" in 1682: he entitled it Behemoth, the history of the Causes of the Civil-Wars of England, And of the Councels and Artifices by which they were carried on, from the year 1640. to the year 1660. Macdonald and Hargreaves, Bibliography, no. 90.
29. See especially Fritz Levy, "The background of Hobbes's Behemoth," in The historical immagination in early modern Britain: History, rhetoric, and fiction, 1500-1800, ed. D. M. Kelley and D. H. Sacks (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and Woodrow Wilson Center, 1997);
30. see also F. Smith Fussner, The Historical Revolution: English Historical Writing and Thought, 1580-1640 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962), esp. 170 ff.;
31. Royce MacGillivray, Restoration Historians and the English Civil War (The Hague: Martinus Nijhof, 1974);
32. R. C. Richardson, The Debate on the English Revolution Revisited (London: Routledge, 1988), chap. 2;
33. Woolf, The Idea of History in Early Stuart England;
34. Blair Worden, "Ben Jonson among the Historians," in Culture and Politics in Early Stuart England, ed. K. Sharpe and P. Lake (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1993);
35. David Wootton, "Thomas Hobbes's Machiavellian moments," in Kelley and Sacks, The historical immagination;
36. J. G. A. Pocock, "Thomas May and the narrative of Civil War," in Writing and Political Engagement in Seventeenth-Century England, ed. D. Hirst and R. Strier (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999);
37. idem, "Medieval Kings at the Court of Charles I: Thomas May's Verse Histories," in Perspectives on Early Modern and Modern Intellectual History: Essays in Honor of Nancy S. Struever, ed. J. Marino and M. W. Schlitt (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2000);
38. essays in Rogers and Sorell, Hobbes and History, especially Johann P. Sommerrville, "Hobbes, Selden, Erastianism, and the history of the Jews";
39. David Norbrook, "The English Revolution and English historiography," in The Cambridge Companion to Writing of the English Revolution, ed. N. H. Keeble (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001);
40. Vaughan, Behemoth Teaches Leviathan, especially 92 ff.
41. Behemoth, Epistle Dedicatory.
42. "The Answer of Mr. Hobbes to Sir Will. d'Avenant's Preface before Gondibert," in Willaim Davenant, Gondibert, ed. D. F. Gladish (Oxford: Clarendon, 1971), 49;
43. Patricia Springborg, "Leviathan, mythic history, and national historiography," in Kelley and Sacks, The historical immagination, 284.
44. Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War: The Complete Hobbes Translation, ed. D. Greene (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989), xxi; EW 8: vii.
45. Thucydides, xxii, 577; EW 8: viii, xxii.
46. See Luc Borot, "History in Hobbes's thought," in The Cambridge Companion to Hobbes, ed. T. Sorell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), especially 321 ff.
47. "To the Reader: Concerning the Vertues of an Heroic Poem," EW 10: v-vi. On the intricate issues of the relation among history, rhetoric, and philosophy, see, especially, David Johnston, The Rhetoric of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes and the Politics of Cultural Transformation (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986);
48. Quentin Skinner, Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996);
49. idem, Hobbes and Civil Science, vol. 3 of Visions of Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002);
50. and Springborg, "Leviathan, mythic history, and national historiography."
51. This is convincingly argued in Levy, "The background of Hobbes's Behemoth." Earlier, the question of whether Behemoth belongs to what Bacon in his classification called history or to political histories with commentary at the margins of historical genre was asked by Borot, "Introduction" to Béhémoth, 15. See Bacon, The Advancement of Learning, ed. M. Kiernan, vol. 4 of The Oxford Francis Bacon (Oxford: Clarendon, 2000), 70.
52. Bacon, The Advancement of Learning, 162. Wootton, "Thomas Hobbes's Machiavellian moments," 228, defines Behemoth as "a study in Machiavellian politics."
53. See Mary G. Dietz, "Hobbes's Subject as Citizen," in Thomas Hobbes and Political Theory, ed. M. G. Dietz (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1990); and Vaughan, Behemoth teaches Leviathan.
54. Behemoth, 1; cf. 119, Hobbes's speaking of those who destroyed monarchy: "I intended only the story of their injustice, impudence, and hypocrisy."
55. The devil led Christ "up and showed him in an instant all the kingdoms of the world./ And the devil said to him, 'To you I will give their glory and all this authority'" etc. Lk 4.5-6. Cf. Mt. 4.8-10: "the devil took him to a very high mountain" etc.
56. Behemoth, 39, 44, 159-60.
57. De corpore I,i,7 (OL 1: 7; I cite English translation in Thomas Hobbes, Computatio Sive Logica: Logic, translation and commentary A. Martinich, ed. I. C. Hungerland and G. R. Vick [New York: Abaris Books, 1981], 185).
58. Behemoth, 159.
59. Behemoth, 70.
60. Behemoth, 16;
61. cf. Leviathan (Tuck), 124.
62. Sec Robert P. Kraynak, History and Modernity in the Thought of Thomas Hobbes (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990);
63. William R. Lund, "Hobbes on Opinion, Private Judgement and Civil War," History of Political Thought 13, no.1 (1992).
64. This does not mean that there is no continuity in Hobbes's view of what - and especially which opinions - was destructive of government. Cf. Tom Sorell, Hobbes (London: Routledge, 1986), 128 ff.
65. See The Elements of Law II,xxvii;
66. De cive xii (I cite On the Citizen, ed. and tr. R. Tuck and M. Silverthorne [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998]);
67. Leviathan xxix.
68. Thucydides, 364; EW 9: 97-98. In a modern translation, the passage reads: "So we are not to speak before the people, no doubt in case the mass of the people should hear once and for all and without interruption an argument from us which is both persuasive and incontrovertible, and should so be led astray.
69. This, we realize, is your motive in bringing us here to speak before the few." Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War V,85 (trans. R. Warner and ed. M. I. Finley [Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974]), 400-1.
70. See Finley's note in Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, 614; the importance of the Melian Dialogue for our study of Hobbes is emphasised in Wootton, "Thomas Hobbes's Machiavellian moments."
71. Bacon noted that whatever causes seditions 'joyneth and knitteth" people "in a Common Cause," in his essay "Of Seditions and Troubles," to which Behemoth almost inevitably bears some resemblance. The Essayes or Counsels, Civill and Morall, ed. M. Kiernan (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), 46.
72. Behemoth, 2.
73. Lucan I,182, cited by Bacon in "Of Seditions and Troubles," 45.
74. Behemoth, 2-4.
75. For a different interpretation, cf. Royce MacGillivray, "Thomas Hobbes's History of the English Civil War: A Study of Behemoth," Journal of the History of Ideas 31, no. 2 (1970): 187;
76. Borot, Introduction to Béhémoth, 16.
77. See Behemoth, 22-23, 25, 104, 121, 126, 142;
78. cf. Valerie Pearl, "London's Counter-Revolution," in The Interregnum: The Quest for Settlement 1646-1660, ed. G. E. Aylmer (Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1972);
79. James F. Farnell, "The Social and Intellectual Basis of London's Role in the English Civil Wars," Journal of Modern History 49, no. 4 (1977);
80. Roger Howell, "Neutralism, Conservatism and Political Alignment in the English Revolution: The Case of Towns, 1642-9," in Reactions to the Civil War, 1642-1649, ed. J. Morrill (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983), especially 67, 77, 87.
81. William Lamont, Puritanism and historical controversy (London: UCL Press, 1996), 2, has warned against historians' "underrating the force of anti-Catholicism in the seventeenth century."
82. Cf. Michael G. Finlayson, Historians, Puritanism, and the English Revolution: the Religious Factor in English Politics before and after the Interregnum (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1983), chap. 4.
83. On the Catholics' inactivity in the civil war, see Keith Lindley, "The Part Played by the Catholics," in Politics, Religion and The English Civil War, ed. B. Manning (London: Edward Arnold, 1973);
84. on the "popish threat," see especially Peter Lake, "Anti-popery: the Structure of a Prejudice," in Conflict in Early Stuart England: Studies in Religion and Politics, 1603-1642, ed. R. Cust and A. Hughes (London: Longman, 1989).
85. MacGillivray, "Hobbes's History," 190-91;
86. idem, Restoration Historians, 74.
87. Behemoth, 5.
88. For this distinction, cf. Onofrio Nicastro, "Le vocabulaire de la dissolution de l'État," in Hobbes et son vocabulaire: Etudes de lexicographie philosophique, ed. Y. Ch. Zarka (Paris: Vrin, 1992), 261.
89. See Elements of Law II,xx,3; xxi, 1-2; xxiv,1;
90. De cive vii, 1-2, 7-11;
91. Leviathan (Tuck), 129-30, 133, cf. 378-79
92. Michael Mendie, Dangerous Positions: Mixed Government, the Estates of the Realm, and the Making of the Answer to the xix propositions (University, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press, 1985), 59.
93. I am much indebted to this study. For historiography, cf. Fussner, The Historical Revolution, 166-67, 169.
94. Behemoth, 156; cf. 75, 155, where the same point was made en passant.
95. Behemoth, 3.
96. Behemoth, 116.
97. Behemoth, 33, 112, 114, 125.
98. See J. Laird, "Hobbes on Aristotle's Politics," Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, New Series 43 (1942-43);
99. William Mathie, "Justice and the Question of Regimes in Ancient and Modern Political Philosophy: Aristotle and Hobbes," Canadian journal of Political Science 9, no. 3 (1976);
100. Curtis Johnson, "The Hobbesian Conception of Sovereignty and Aristotle's Politics," Journal of the History of Ideas 46, no. 3 (1985).
101. Behemoth, 109.
102. Thucydides, 572 (EW 8: xvi-xvii).
103. The Prose Life, trans. in The Elements of Law etc. (Gaskin), 246.
104. The Verse Life (anonymous contemporary translation), in The Elements of Law etc. (Gaskin), 256;
105. cf. T. Hobbes Malmesburiensis Vita, OL 1: lxxxviii: "Sed mihi prae reliquis Thucydides placuit./ Is Democratia ostendit mihi quam sit inepta,/ Et quantum coetu plus sapit unus homo."
106. George Klosko and Daryl Rice, "Thucydides and Hobbes's State of Nature," History of Political Thought 6, no. 3 (1985): 405;
107. David Norbrook, Writing the English Republic: Poetry, Rhetoric and Politics, 1627-1660 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 62.
108. Recently stated in Jonathan Scott, "The peace of silence: Thucydides and the English Civil War," in Rogers and Sorell, Hobbes and History;
109. a pioneering study is Richard Schlatter, "Thomas Hobbes and Thucydides," Journal of the History of Ideas 6 (1945).
110. It is interesting to note that Clifford W. Brown, Jr., "Thucydides, Hobbes, and the Derivation of Anarchy," History of Political Thought 8, no. 1 (1987), does not even refer to Behemoth.
111. See also his "Thucydides, Hobbes and the Linear Casual Perspective," History of Politcal Thought 10, no. 2 (1989);
112. and Gabriella Slomp, "Hobbes, Thucydides and the Three Greatest Things," History of Political Thought 11, no. 4 (1990).
113. Thucydides, 573 (EW 8: xvii);
114. Elements of Law II,xxi,5.
115. De cive x,7.
116. On the composition date see Curley's note in Leviathan: with selected variants from the Latin edition of 1668, ed. E. Curley (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1994), lxxiii-iv.
117. OL 3: 509;
118. I cite Curley's translation, Leviathan (Curley), 488.
119. Cf. Behemoth, 204.
120. OL 3: 502, 509.
121. In the conclusion of this sentence, an observer "brought here from a remote part of the world" fulfills the function of the view from the Devil's Mountain in Behemoth. Leviathan (Curley), 488;
122. OL 3: 508-9;
123. cf. Appendix ad Leviathan III, OL 3: 559-60;
124. OL 3: 509.
125. cf. Leviathan (Curley), 488.
126. Behemoth, 68.
127. Richard Tuck, Philosophy and government, 1572-1651 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), xvii.
128. Martin Dzelzainis, "Ideas in conflict: political and religious thought during the English Revolution," in Keeble, The Cambridge Companion to Writing of the English Revolution, 36.
129. Skinner, Reason and Rhetoric, 431-32;
130. cf. Martin Dzelzainis, "Milton's classical republicanism," in Milton and Republicanism, ed. D. Armitage, A. Himy, and Q. Skinner (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 3-4.
131. Skinner, Reason and Rhetoric, 432, 433;
132. Dzelzainis, "Milton's classical republicanism," 3.
133. Quentin Skinner, "Classical Liberty and the Coming of the English Civil War," in vol. 2 of Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage, ed. M. van Geldern and Q. Skinner (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 15.
134. Cf. Conal Condren, The Language of Politics in Seventeenth-Century England (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), chap. 5, especially 149.
135. Cf. n. 87.
136. Skinner, "Classical Liberty," 14-18.
137. Behemoth, 43 (naming Aristotle and Cicero).
138. Eduard Bernstein, Sozialismus und Demokratie in der Grossen Englischen Revolution (Berlin: Dietz, 1895);
139. G. P. Gooch, English Democratic Ideas in the Seventeenth Century (New York: Harper & Row, 1959; first published 1898);
140. Perez Zagorin, A History of Political Thought in the English Revolution (Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1997; first published 1954), especially p. 2.
141. Jonathan Scott, England's troubles, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 290.
142. Behemoth, 89.
143. See Deborah Baumgold, Hobbes's political theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), chap. 7;
144. idem, "Hobbes's Political Sensibility: The Menace of Political Ambition," in Dietz, Thomas Hobbes and Political Theory;
145. cf. Dietz, "Hobbes's Subject as Citizen," 97;
146. Gabriella Slomp, Thomas Hobbes and the Political Philosophy of Glory (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000), especially chap. 5.
147. For Hobbes's frequently used language of acting and gaining, cf. Behemoth, 24, 38, 136-37, 159.
148. But see Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975), 369, who denies Parker the title of a classical republican and speaks, instead, of an "Aristotelian populism."
149. Michael Mendle, "Parliamentary sovereignty: a very English absolutism," in Political discourse in early modern Britain, ed. N. Phillipson and Q. Skinner (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 118, also speaks of Parker's populism.
150. Mendie, Dangerous Positions, 132.
151. A letter of due censure, and redargution to Lieut: Coll: John Lilburne (London, 1650), 21, 22;
152. cf. W. K. Jordan, Men of Substance: A Study of the Thought of Two English Revolutionaries, Henry Parker and Henry Robinson (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1942), 156.
153. Marchamont Nedham, The Case of the Commonwealth of England, Stated, ed. Ph. A. Knachel (Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia, 1969), 99.
154. Salus populi solus rex: The peoples safety is the sole soveraignty, or The royalist out-reasoned (London, 1648), 19;
155. see David Underdown, Pride's Purge: Politics in the Puritan Revolution (Oxford: Clarendon, 1971), 266.
156. Salus populi solus rex, 1, 18, 19.
157. "[B]etter is the Government of the great Turk, than no Government, because without all Government, homo homini demon, one man will be a devil to another." Salus populi solus rex, 18.
158. Behemoth, 68, 73, 108, 180, 198.
159. Analysis of the same historical material as Skinner's (see n. 111) led Mendie, "Parliamentary sovereignty," 118-19, to identify Parliamentary sovereignty as absolutism based on permanent emergency.
160. See Stephen Holmes, "Political Psychology in Hobbes's Behemoth," in Dietz, Thomas Hobbes and Political Theory, 121 ff., and his Introduction to Behemoth, xi ff.
161. See especially Scott, England's troubles, part II.
162. See Mendle, Dangerous Positions, 182;
163. and [Henry Parker,] Observations upon some of his Majesties late Answers and Expresses (London, 1642), 22-23.
164. Cf. Jordan, Men of Substance, 155, that Parker made it plain that the civil war was not to inaugurate the evil of an "irresponsible democracy."
165. Patrick Collinson, "The Monarchical Republic of Queen Elizabeth I," Bulletin of the John Rylands Library of Manchester 69, no. 2 (1987): 400-1.
166. De Republica Anglorum by Sir Thomas Smith, ed. M. Dewar (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), I,i, vii, x; II.iii.
167. The Boke Named the Gouernour I,i.
168. Walter Ralegh, Maxims of State, in vol. 8 of The Works of Sir Walter Ralegh, kt, now first collected, to which are prefixed the lives of the author, by Oldys and Birch (Oxford: The University Press, 1829), 1-2.
169. The Cabinet-council: Containing the Chief Arts of Empire and Mysteries of State, in vol. 8 of The Works, 37. In a note that "all monarchies are principalities, but all principalities are not monarchies" (ibid., 44), one can see an allusion to Machiavelli's catregorization of stati into republiche and principati, but this distinction is not operative in Ralegh's work.
170. «[T]he rule of the multitude which the Greeks called Δεμοκρατια: the Latines some Respublica by the generall name, some populi potestas, some census potestas, I cannot tell howe latinely." De Republica Anglorum I,xiv.
171. "quare cum penes unum est omnium summa rerum, regem illum unum vocamus et regnum eius rei publicae statum." Cic. Rep. I,xxvi,42.
172. The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution, 1625-1660, ed. S. R. Gardiner, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1899), 384.
173. Baxter cited in William Lamont, Richard Baxter and the Millenium: Protestant Imperialism and the English Revolution (London: Croom Helm, 1979), 98;
174. for Dante, cf. Convivio IV, iv,6-7.
175. Gardiner, The Constitutional Documents, 387, 388; further instances of "Commonwealth" at 390-99.
176. The Trew Law of Free Monarchies: or the Reciprock and mvtvall Dvetie betwixt a Free King, and His Natural Subjects," in The Political Works of James I, ed. Ch. H. McIlwain (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1918).
177. Cf. Scott, England's troubles, 293: "Aristotle was the most ubiquitous renaissance classical source and there is a republican Aristotle. It is because Aristotle was a key source for English humanist moral philosophy that Hobbes aimed his criticism particularly in this direction."
178. Among today's historians of seventeenth-century English republicanism, Scott in particular insists on the importance of the Greek ingredient. See his England's troubles, chap. 13; "Classical Republicanism in Seventeenth-century England and the Netherlands," in vol. 1 of Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage, 61-62, 66.
179. Behemoth, 3, 23 (the citation), 43, 56, 95, 158.
180. Nigel Smith, Literature and Revolution in England, 1640-1660 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994),103.
181. idem, "Parliamentary sovereignty," 116.
182. Lamont, Puritanism and historical controversy, 23.
183. See, e.g., Smith, Literature and Revolution, 102 ff., 207 ff.;
184. Malcolm Smuts, "Court-Centred Politics and the Uses of Roman Historians, c. 1590-1630," in Sharpe and Lake, Culture and Politics in Early Stuart England, especially 39 ff.;
185. David Norbrook, "Lucan, Thomas May, and the Creation of a Republican Literary Culture," ibid., especially 56 ff.;
186. cf. idem, Writing the English Republic, chap. 1.
187. Smuts, "Court-Centred Politics," 42;
188. cf. Norbrook, "Lucan, Thomas May," 58;
189. idem, "The English Revolution and English historiography," 246-47;
190. and, generally, Skinner, Hobbes and Civil Science.
191. "The received value of names imposed for signification of things, was changed into arbitrary." Thucydides, 204;
192. EW 8: 348.
193. See Nicastro, "Le vocabulaire de la dissolution de l'État," 260.
194. Behemoth, 158.
195. Reliquiae Baxterianae, or, Mr. Richard Baxters narrative of the most memorable passages of his life and times, ed. M. Sylvester (London, 1696), 53.
196. Scott, England's troubles, 252: "the greatest shortcoming of the modern analysis of English classical republicanism [is] that it has failed adequately to explain that religious dimension which was almost as central to the republican as to the civil war phase of the revolution."
197. Cf. Markku Peltonen, Classical Humanism and Republicanism in English Political Thought, 1570-1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Prerss, 1995), 13, choosing not to look at "expressly puritan or Calvinist modes of argument."
198. See Behemoth, 155.
199. See n. 65. Aristotle, for example, was an "ingredient in religion," and the clergy was versed in the babbling philosophy of Aristotle. Behemoth, 41, 95.
200. T[homas] C[ooper], [Bishop of Winchester], An Admonition to the People of England, 1589, ed. E. Arber (Birmingham: English Scholar's Library, 1883], 70.
201. Partly cited in Mendle, Dangerous Positions, 82.
202. Cooper, An Admonition, 65.
203. Cited by Whitgift in his The Defense of the Aunsvvere to the Admonition, against the Replie of T.C. (London, 1574), in The Works of John Whitgift, D.D., Master of Trinity College, Dean of Lincoln, &c., Afterwards successively Bishop of Worcester and Archbishop of Canterbury, ed. J. Ayre, The Parker Society (Cambridge: At the University Press, 1851), 1: 390.
204. The Works of John Whitgift, 1: 393.
205. See Calvin, Institutes of the Chrtistian Religion IV,xx,8
206. (Allen's translation, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1949, 2: 778, has "democracy" at this place). Whitgift's reference is misleading, for Calvin states that, of the "forms of government, which are stated by philosophers," aristocracy or a mixture of aristocracy and democracy was the best to his mind, and that the "vice and imperfection of men...renders it safer and more tolerable for the government to be in the hands of many," since they can assist, admonish, censor, and restrain each other.
207. See A. P. Martinich, The Two Gods of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes on Religion and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
208. The Sermons of Edwin Sandys, D.D., Successively Bishop of Worcester and London, and Archbishop of York; to which are Added Some Miscellaneous Pieces, by the Same Author, ed. J. Ayre, The Parker Society (Cambridge: At the University Press, 1841), 138-39. (Originally published in 1585.)
209. De cive xvi,13;
210. Leviathan (Tuck), 325-26; cf. Num 16.
211. EW 8: xvi (see n. 53).
212. On emulation, cf. Elements of Law I,ix,21;
213. Leviathan VI,48;
214. on contention, Leviathan XI,3; on pride, VIII,19.
215. Behemoth, 50, 167.