Representing Contemporary War

Ethics and International Affairs

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 99-108

  Campbell, David ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 34248058664     PISSN: 08926794     EISSN: 17477093     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-7093.2003.tb00442.x     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. Susan Sontag, Regarding the Pain of Others (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003), p. 104.
2. Susan Sontag, On Photography (New York: Anchor Books, 1990), pp. 17–18.
3. Susan D. Moeller, Compassion Fatigue: How the Media Sell Disease, Famine, War and Death (New York: Routledge, 1999), p. 117.
4. John Taylor, Body Horror: Photojournalism, Catastrophe and War (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), p. 46.
5. Sontag, On Photography, p. 17.
6. On Photography, pp. 18–19.
7. On Photography, p. 69.
8. Sontag, Regarding the Pain of Others, p. 76.
9. Regarding the Pain of Others, p. 102.
10. Regarding the Pain of Others, p. 101.
11. For an argument against the CNN effect in relation to images of Bosnian atrocity, see David Campbell, “Atrocity, Memory, Photography: Imaging the Concentration Camps of Bosnia…The Case of ITN versus Living Marxism, Part II,” Journal of Human Rights 1, no. 2 (2002), pp. 157–58; see also www.virtual-security.net/attrocity/atrocity2.htm.
12. Journal of Human Rights, p. 21.
13. Journal of Human Rights, pp. 38–39.
14. Journal of Human Rights, p. 58.
15. Duncan Campbell,“War in the Gulf: US war photographer sacked for altering image of British soldier,” Guardian, April 3, 2003, p. 5
16. Stephen Bates,“Media: Faking it,” Guardian, May 5, 2003, pp. 2–3.
17. Jay DeFoore, “Brian Walski Discusses His Doctored Photo,” PDNewswire, May 7, 2003; available at www.pdn-pix.com/news/archive/2003/050703.html#4.
18. John Kampfner, “War Spin,” Correspondent, BBC2, May 18, 2003.
19. For critical accounts of the CMC operation, see Michael Wolff, “Media: ‘You know less than when you arrived,’” Guardian, March 31, 2003, p. 2
20. Michael Wolff, “Media: I was only asking,” Guardian, April 14, 2003, p. 6.
21. Michael Getler, “Reporting Private Lynch,” Washington Post, April 20, 2003, p. B6.
22. Alessandra Stanley,“In Hoopla Over a P.O.W., A Mirror of U.S. Society,” New York Times, April 18, 2003, p. B9
23. Jim Rutenberg, “To Interview Former P.O.W., CBS Offers Stardom,” New York Times, June 16, 2003, p. A1.
24. Kampfner, “War Spin”
25. John Kampfner, “Features: The truth about Jessica,” Guardian, May 15, 2003, pp. 2–3. Many of these features were confirmed by the Washington Post's reexamination of the story two months after its initial account.
26. See Dana Priest, William Booth, and Susan Schmidt, “A Broken Body, a Broken Story, Pieced Together,” Washington Post, June 17, 2003, p. A1.
27. Jon Swain,“War doesn't belong to the generals,” British Jo urnalism Review 14, no. 1 (2003), pp. 23–29; also available at www.bjr.org.uk/data/2003/no1_swain.htm. In a similar vein, while Australian reporters are at some distance from their country's forces, Australian Department of Defence training videos have been supplied and used by the media to provide both still and moving images said to be Australian forces in action in Iraq.
28. See Margo Kingston, “In Howard we trust, but why?” Sydney Morning Herald, March 26, 2003; available at www.smh.com.au/articles/ 2003/03/26/1048653740850.html.
29. Vincent Laforet, “Photographer Worried about ‘Glorifying War,’” Editor & Publisher, April 23, 2003; available at www.editorandpublisher.com/editorandpublisher/ headlines/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1871177.
30. Nancy Bernhard, “Embedding Reporters on the Frontline,” Nieman Reports 57, no. 2 (2003), pp. 87, 89.
31. For a U.K. perspective, see Roy Greenslade, “Media: Fighting talk,” Guardian, June 30, 2003, p. 6.
32. David Carr, Jim Rutenberg, and Jacques Steinberg, “Bringing Combat Home: Telling War's Deadly Story at Just Enough Distance,” New York Times, April 7, 2003, p. B13.
33. Randy L. Rasmussen, “Arriving at Judgments in Selecting Photos,” Nieman Reports 56, no. 3 (2002), pp. 67–70
34. Michael Larkin, “Deciding on an Emotion-Laden Photography for Page One,” Nieman Reports 55, no. 3 (2002), p. 77.
35. Annie Lawson, “Editors show restraint with war images,” MediaGuardian.co.uk, March 31, 2003; available at media.guardian.co.uk/iraqandthemedia/story/ 0,12823,924949,00.html.
36. Both reporters and cameramen in a series of U.K. documentaries discuss this conundrum openly on the media and Iraq. See Jon Snow,“The True Face of War,” The War We Never Saw, Channel 4, June 5, 2003
37. Fergal Keane, “Iraq: The Cameramen's Story,” BBC4, June 30, 2003.
38. For the view of three U.K. television news editors that reveal the restraints, see “Media: What can you show?” Guardian, March 31, 2003, p. 7.
39. Michèle Barrett, “Review: Shell-shocked,” Guardian, April 19, 2003, p. 34.
40. Patrick J. Sloyan, “What Bodies?” Digital Journalist, November 2002; available at www.digitaljournalist.org/ issue0211/sloyan.html.
41. Bill Carter and Jane Perlez,“The Networks: Channels Struggle on Images of Captured and Slain Soldiers,” New York Times, March 24, 2003, p. B6. Subsequent broadcast of a seven-second clip of the bodies of two U.K. soldiers, filmed by al-Jazeera but used in a BBC documentary, drew criticism from their relatives, the Ministry of Defence, and the British prime minister, but the BBC was not deterred from its use.
42. Jamie Wilson, “Blair fails to get BBC to remove Gulf bodies footage,” Guardian, May 29, 2003, p. 6.
43. Anthony Dworkin, “The Geneva Conventions and Prisoners of War,” Crimes of War Project 24 (March 2003); available at www.crimesofwar.org/special/Iraq/ brief-pow.html.
44. Quoted in Snow, “The True Face of War.”
45. Jason Deans, “BBC's war coverage was ‘too conservative,’” MediaGuardian.co.uk, June 25, 2003; available at media.guardian.co.uk/broadcast/story/0,7493,984976, 00.html.
46. Ciar Byrne, “US TV networks ‘kissed ass’, says Wolff,” MediaGuardian.co.uk, June 25, 2003; available at media.guardian.co.uk/iraqandthemedia/story/0,12823,984 899,00.html. Jayson Blair was the New York Times reporter whose fabrications resulted in upheaval at the newspaper.
47. Lucian K. Truscott IV, “In This War, News Is A Weapon,” New York Times, March 25, 2003, p. A17. The weaponization of the media also preceded the conflict, especially when it came to the issue of weapons of mass destruction. One of the underreported elements of the Blair crisis at the New York Times was that “the paper's bioterrorism expert, Judith Miller, admitted her main source on Iraq's weapons of mass destruction programme had been the Pentagon's favoured Iraqi, Ahmad Chalabi. That in turn suggested that the Pentagon and Mr Chalabi had used the paper to help create justification for war.”
48. Suzanne Goldenberg, “US paper gripped by new crisis of ethics,” Guardian, May 30, 2003, p. 19.
49. Sontag, Regarding the Pain of Others, p. 117.
50. Regarding the Pain of Others, p. 115.
51. “The Pity of War: It is right to confront images of death,” Guardian, February 14, 2003, p. 23.
52. Guardian (G2), February 14, 2003, pp. 1–17.
53. Sontag, Regarding the Pain of Others, p. 114.