The intellectual origins of modern democratic republicanism (1660-1720)

European Journal of Political Theory

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 7-36

  Israel, Jonathan ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Democratic republicanism; Dutch Republic; Freedom of the individual; Radical enlightenment; Spinozism; Toleration

Indexed keywords

EID: 34248048477     PISSN: 14748851     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1474885104038988     Document Type: Article

References (172)

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2. E.H. Kossmann (2000) Political Thought in the Dutch Republic, pp. 74-83, 178-9. Amsterdam.
3. I.W. Wildenberg (1986)Johtm en Pieter de la Court (1622-1660 en 1618-1685), P- 51Amsterdam.
4. Further see Hans W. Blom (1993) 'Politieke filosofie in het Nederland van de zeventiende eeuw', Geschiedenis van de Wijsbegeerte in Nederland 4: 168.
5. Hans W. Blom (2002) 'The Republican Mirror: The Dutch Idea of Europe', in A. Pagden (ed.) The Idea of Europe, pp. 94, 99, 111-12. Cambridge.
6. Kossmann (1987, in n. 1), pp. 60, 85-6, 182, 193. See also E.H. Kossmann (1960) Politieke theorie in het zeventiende-eeuwse Nederland. Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences/Letterkunde: Proceedings, new ser. 67(2). Kossmann (1987), pp. 2 11-33.
7. E.O.G. Haitsma Mulier (1980) The Myth of Venice and Dutch Republican Thought in the Seventeenth Century, pp. 120-209. Assen.
8. In addition, see Hans W. Blom (1995) Morality and Causality in Politics: The Rise of Naturalism in Dutch SeventeenthCentury Political Thought, pp. 157-246. N.pl.
9. Hans W. Blom (1985) 'Politics, Virtue and Political Science: An Interpretation of Spinoza's Political Philosophy', Studia Spinozana I : 209-30.
10. Hans W. Blom (1993) 'The Moral and Political Philosophy of Spinoza', in G.H.R. Parkinson (ed.) The Renaissance and Seventeenth-Century Rationalism. The Routledge History of Philosophy, vol. 4, pp. 313-48. London: Routledge.
11. J.G.A. Pocock (1975) The Machiavellian Moment. Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition, p. 386. Princeton.
12. J.G.A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment. Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition Ibid. p. 390. Kossmann (1987, in n. 1), p. 225.
13. Henry Stjohn, Viscount Bolingbroke (1997) Political Writings, ed. D. Armitage, pp. 127, 156, 230-1. Cambridge. Pocock (n. 3), pp. 478-80, 485-6.
14. J.G.A. Pocock (1992) 'The Dutch Republican Tradition', in Margaret Jacob and Wijnand Mijnhardt (eds) (1992) The Dutch Republic in the Eighteenth Century, p. 189. Ithaca, NY.
15. Jonathan Scott (1991) Algernon Sidney and the Restoration Crisis, 1677-1683, pp. 236-7, 259-60. Cambridge.
16. Blair Worden (1991) 'The Revolution of 1688-9 and the English Republican Tradition', in J.I. Israel (ed.) The Anglo-Dutch Moment. Essays on the Glorious Revolution and its World Impact, pp. 264-8. Cambridge.
17. See Jonathan Israel (1995) The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477-1806, pp. 731-3, 744, 762-3, 786-92. Oxford.
18. See, for instance, Peter Harrison (1990) 'Religion' and the Religions in the English Enlightenment, pp. 3, 176 n. 4. Cambridge.
19. Frederick C. Beiser (1996) The Sovereignty of Reason: The Defense of Rationality in the Early English Enlightenment, pp. 5-7, 16-17, 326-7. Princeton.
20. Roy Porter (2000) Enlightenment. Britain and the Creation of the Modern World, pp. 4-47, 483-4. London.
21. Morton White (1978) The Philosophy of the American Revolution, p. 65. New York.
22. Though he does except the Hottentots of South Africa should it prove true, he says, as travellers reported, that they lack human rationality, see Franciscus van den Enden (1992) Vrije Politieke Stellingen, ed. W. Klever, p. 169. Amsterdam; originally publ. 1965.
23. J.I. Israel (2001) Radical Enlightenment. Philosophy and the Makingof Modernity, p. 180. Oxford.
24. J.G.A. Pocock (1991) 'The Significance of 1688: Some Reflections on Whig History', in R. Beddard (ed.) The Revolutions of 1688, pp. 277-9. Oxford. Worden (n. 6), pp. 241, 268-72.
25. Gabriel Bonnot de Mably (l'an III de la République = 1794-5) 'Du gouvernement et des lois de Pologne', in Collection comple te des œuvres de r Abbé de Mably, 15 vols. vol. 8, pp. 72-3, see also pp. 67, 70, 106, 179, 278. Paris.
26. Kossmann (1987, in n. 1), pp. 222-3. Kossmann (2000, in n. 1), p. 69.
27. Wim Klever (2003) Democratische vernieuwing in Nederland en de Europese Unie, pp. 46-7. 'Vrijstad' [Rotterdam].
28. B. de Spinoza (1989) Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, tr, of 1925 Gebhardt edn by S. Shirley, pp. 227-8. Leiden.
29. Spinoza (1958) Tractatus Politicus, in The Political Works, ed. Wernham, pp. 305, 364-5. Oxford. Blom (1995, in n. 2), p. 236.
30. On Walten's radicalism and probable crypto-Spinozism, see Wiep van Bunge (1996) 'Eric Walten (1663-1697): An Early Enlightenment Radical in the Dutch Republic', in W. van Bunge and Wim Klever (eds) Disguised and Overt Spinozism around 7700, pp. 41-54. Leiden.
31. Ericus Walten (1689) De Regtsinnige Policey; ofeen nauwkeurig vertoog van de magt en pligt der koningen, pp. 20-1, 23. The Hague.
32. W.P.C. Knüttel (1900) 'Ericus Walten', Bijdragen voor vaderlandsche geschiedenis en oudheidkunde, 4th ser. 1: 351-2.
33. W.P.C. Knüttel, Bijdragen voor Vaderlandsche Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde, 4th Ser. Ibid. p. 362.
34. Israel (n. 10), pp. 406-35. J.I. Israel (1995) 'Spinoza, King Solomon and Frederik van Leenhofs Spinozistic Republicanism', Stadia Spinozana, II: 303-17.
35. Frederik van Leenhof (1700) Het Leven van den wijzen en magtigen konink Salomon leerzaamelijk voorgedragen, pp. 45-6. Zwolle.
36. The alternative title of this work which was more or less simultaneously published in Amsterdam, as preserved, for example, in 'Spinoza Collection' in Columbia University Library in New York is: 'T Leven van Salomon en zyn bewys der Ydelheden.
37. Bernard Mandeville (1720) Free Thoughts on Religion, the Church and National Happiness, p. 297. London.
38. Kossmann (1987, in n. 1), p. 233; Wildenberg (n. 1), p. 51. See also E.O.G. Haitsma Mulier (1989) Het Nederlandse gezicht van Machiavelli (inaugural lecture), p. 18. Hilversum.
39. I.L. Leeb (1973) The Ideological Origins of the Batavian Revolution, pp. 34-5, 39. The Hague. Wildenberg (n. 1), p. 47;
40. Wyger Velema (1994) 'Verlichtingen in Nederland het voorbeeld van de politieke theorie', Geschiedenis van de Wijsbegeerte in Nederland 5: 51-3.
41. Wyger Velema (1992) 'Elie Luzac and the Two Dutch Revolutions: The Evolution of Orangist Political Thought' in Jacob and Mijnhardt (n. 5), pp. 136-7.
42. DJ. Den Uyl (1987) 'Passion, State and Progress: Spinoza and Mandeville on the Nature of Human Association', Journal of the History of Philosophy 25: 369-95.
43. Rudolf Dekker (1992) ' "Private Vices, Public Virtues" Revisited: The Dutch Background of Bernard Mandeville', History of European Ideas 14: 481-98. Israel (n. 10), pp. 623-7.
44. These were V.D.H. [Pieter de la Court] (1665) Interesse von Holland, Oder Fondamenten von Hollands-Wohlfahrt. N.pl.
45. Qohan de la Court] (1669) Consideratien von Staat: Oder politische Wagschale mit welcher die allgemeine Angelegenheiten, Haupt-Gründe und Mängel aller Republicken wie sie von langer Zeit biss itzo her gewesen und zugleich die bestandigste, nützlichste auch beste Art und Form einerfreyen politischen Regierung in gleicher Gegenhaltung erwogen allen verständigen politicis zu fernerer Betrachtung und geschichter Vollziehung dargestellet wird. Leipzig and Halle; tr. from Dutch by Christoph Kormart and dedicated to a group of Dresden officials.
46. [Pieter de la Court] (1671) Anweisungen der heilsamen politischen Gründen und Maximen der Republicquen Holland und West-Vriesland. Rotterdam. These editions were discussed among others by Johann Joachim Becher and the Halle 'Baylean' academic Nikolas Hieronymus Gundling. See Wildenberg (n. 1), pp. 55-6, 131.
47. J.I. Israel (1989) Dutch Primacy in World Trade, pp. 234, 291, 350. Oxford.
48. See 'J. de' Witt [Pieter de la Court] (1702) The True Interest and Political Maxims of the Republick of Holland and West-Friesland. London.
49. [Pieter de la Court] (1703) Fables, Moral and Political with large explications, tr. from the Dutch, 2 vols. London.
50. J. de Wit [Pieter de la Court] (1709) Mémoires de Jean de Wit, grand pensionnaire de Hollande. The Hague.
51. J. de Wit [Pieter de la Court] (1709) Memoires de Jean de Wit, grand pensionnaire de Hollande. 'Ratisbonne': chez Erasme Kinkius.
52. J. de Witt [Pieter de la Court] (1743) Political Maxims of the State of Holland. Translated from the Dutch original which contains many curious passages not to be found in any of the French versions. London: printed for J. Nourse, at the Lamb, without Temple-bar.
53. J. de Witt [Pieter de la Court] (1746) The True Interest and Political Maxims of the Republic of Holland, tr. John Campbell. London.
54. Scott (n. 6), pp. 108, 114, 224; K.H.D. Haley, An English Diplomat in the Low Countries, p. 305. Oxford.
55. On the political and intellectual circumstances, see Israel (n. 7), pp. 785-90, 889-22.
56. For Koerbagh's political ideas, see Hubert Vandenbossche (1978) 'Quelques idées politiques de Koerbagh', Tijdschrift voor de Studie van de Verlichting 6: 223-40.
57. G.H. Jongeneelen (1991) 'La Philosophie politique d'Adrien Koerbagh', Cahiers Spinoza 6: 247-67.
58. Although there remains some slight doubt about the identity of the pseudonymous author 'Lucius Antistes Constans' (in the late I7th and early 18th century the work was often attributed to Spinoza although, reportedly, the latter expressly denied being its author), there has never been any doubt that he belonged to the circle around Spinoza and shared the same basic political premises as the other Dutch radical republicans, see Richard Tuck (1979) Natural Rights Theories. Their Origin and Development, pp. 140-1. Cambridge. Blom (1995, in n. 2), pp. 105, 282. Israel (n. 10), pp. 201, 267, 504, 607, 620, 736.
59. Emilia Giancotti Boscherini (1978) 'Liberté, démocratie et revolution chez Spinoza', Tijdschrift voor de Studie van den Verlichting 6: 82-3.
60. Kossmann (2000, in n. 1), p. 69. Wim Klever (2002) 'Van den Enden's Opposition to De la Court's Aristocratie Republicanism and its Follow-up in Spinoza's Work', Foglio Spinoziano: Notiziario periodico di filosofia spinoziana 17: 5.
61. RJ. McShea (1968) The Political Philosophy of Spinoza, pp. 191-2. New York.
62. F. Mertens (1994) 'Franciscus van den Enden; tijd voor een herziening van diens role in het ontstaan van het Spinozisme?', Tijdschrift voorfilosofie 56; Israel (n. 10), pp. 78-80.
63. Mertens (n. 35). Wim Klever (1997) Mannen rond Spinoza (1650-1700), pp. 29-31. Hilversum. Israel (n. 10), pp. 175-80.
64. Wim Klever, Mannen Rond Spinoza Ibid. pp. 3-29.
65. Quoted in H. Monro (1975) The Ambivalence of Bernard Man deville, p. 55. Oxford.
66. Van den Enden (n. 10), pp. 160-1. On this point, see also Mertens (n. 35), p. 725; Herman de Dijn (1994) 'Was Van den Enden het meesterbrein achter Spinoza?', Algemeen Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Wijsbegeerte 86: 76.
67. Klever (n. 34), p. 3.
68. On Plockhoy, see Jean Séguy ( 1968) Utopie cooperative et oecuumenisme: Pieter Cornelisz. Plockhoy van Zurikzee (1600-1700). Paris.
69. Archives de la Bastille inédits (1866-1904) ed. F. Ravaisson, 19 vols, vol. 8, p. 447. Paris. Interrogation dated 21 Nov. 1674; Israel (n. 10), p. 183. Blom (1993, in n. 1), p. 174. Klever (n. 14), pp. 32-6.
70. Klever (n. 34), p. 10.
71. Archives de la Bastille (n. 42), vol. 7, pp. 420-1, 467.
72. Wim Klever, 'Inleiding', to Van den Enden (n. 10), p. 81.
73. Marc Bedjaï (1990) 'Franciscus van den Enden, maître spirituel de Spinoza', Revue de rhistoire des Religions 207: 293-4.
74. Marc Bedjaï (1993) 'Les Eléments d'économie politique du Docteur Franciscus van den Enden (1661-1665) maitre de Spinoza', p. 12. Unpublished paper, Paris. E.H. Kossmann (2002, in n.1), pp. 63-71.
75. Alexandre Matheron (1969) Individu et communauté chez Spinoza, pp. 361-3. Paris. Velema (n. 25), p. 136.
76. Hans W. Blom (2002) 'Burger en belang: Pieter de la Court over de politieke betekenis van burgers', in J. Kloch and K. Tilmans (eds) Burger: Een geschiedenis van het gegrip 'burger', p. 109. Amsterdam.
77. Spinoza, Opera, vol. 3, p. 195.
78. McShea (n. 35), pp. 84, 124. Giancotti Boscherini (n. 33), p. 88. Etienne Balibar (1998) Spinoza and Politics, pp. 32-4, 48-9. London and New York; originally publ. 1985.
79. Gemeentearchief Leiden Sec. Arch. 191 Notulen Burgemeesteren, res. 21 May 1669. O. van Rees (1851) Verhandeling over de Aanwysing der Politieke Gronden en Maximen van de Republiek van Holland en West- Vriesland van Pieter de la Court, pp. 41-2. Utrecht. Israel (n. 7), p. 786.
80. On this point, see J.I. Israel (2000) 'Spinoza, Locke and the Enlightenment Battle for Toleration', in O. Grell and Roy Porter (eds) Toleration in Enlightenment Europe, pp. 102-13. Cambridge.
81. J.I. Israel (1999) 'Locke, Spinoza and the Philosophical Debate Concerning Toleration in the Early Enlightenment (c.1670-c.1750)', Mededelingen van de Afdeling Letterkunde (Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences), new ser. 62: 5-19.
82. J.I. Israel (1997) 'The Intellectual Debate about Toleration in the Dutch Republic', in C. Berkvens-Stevelinck et al. (eds) The Emergence of Tolerance in the Dutch Republic, pp. 27-36. Leiden.
83. Van den Enden (n. 10), pp. 153-7, 178-81.
84. J.M. Kerkhoven and H.W. Blom, 'De la Court en Spinoza: Van correspondenties en correspondenten', in Blom and Wildenberg (eds) Pieter de la Court in zijn tijd, pp. 144-6.
85. N. van der Bijl, 'Pieter de la Court en de politieke werkelijkheid', Pieter de la Court in Zijn Tijd ibid., p. 73; Israel (n. 7), pp. 760-1.
86. [Iratiel Leetsosoneus] (1692) Den Swadder Die E.W. op Cartesianen en Coccejanen Geworpen heft, pp. 12, 21. Amsterdam.
87. Wiep van Bunge (2001) From Stevin to Spinoza: An Essay on Philosophy in the Seventeenth-Century Dutch Republic, p. 144. Leiden.
88. Knüttel (n. 18), p. 355.
89. Wiep van Bunge, From Stevin to Spinoza: An Essay on Philosophy in the Seventeenth-Century Dutch Republic Ibid. p. 384; Dekker (n. 26), pp. 481-98.
90. Mandeville (n. 22), pp. 241, 246, 282.
91. Harold J. Cook (1999) 'Bernard Mandeville and the Therapy of the "Clever Politician"', Journal of the History of Ideas 61: 116.
92. See also EJ. Hundert (1995b) The Enlightenment's Fable: Bernard Mandeville and the Discovery of Society, pp. 24-9. Cambridge.
93. EJ. Hundert (19953) 'Bernard Mandeville and the Enlightenment's Maxims of Modernity', Journal of the History of Ideas 56: 583-5.
94. E.D.James (1975) 'Faith, Sincerity and Morality: Mandeville and Bayle', in I. Primer (ed.) Mandeville Studies: New Explorations in the Art and Thought of Dr Bernard Mandeville, pp. 51-2. The Hague.
95. H.T. Dickinson (1976) 'Bernard Mandeville: An Independent Whig', in T. Besterman (ed.) Studies on Voltaire andthe Eighteenth Century, pp. 151: 561. Hundert (1995b) in n. 58), pp. 6, 47, 102-3.
96. Monro (n. 38), pp. 196-7, 263-5. I- Primer (2003) 'Bernard Mandeville', in Alan Kors (ed.) Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment, 4 vols, Vol. 3, p. 17. Oxford.
97. Mandeville (n. 22), p. 246.
98. Israel (n. 10), pp. 623, 736.
99. I- Primer, Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment Ibid. p. 482.
100. See also Wim Klever (1988) 'Burchardus de Voider (1643-1709); A CryptoSpinoziston a Leiden Cathedra', LIAS 15: 191-241.
101. Klever, 'Bernard Mandeville', 2.
102. On Mandeville's 'Spinozism', see Den Uyl (n. 26), pp. 374-81. Israel (n. 10), pp. 585-6, 623-7. Cook (n. 58), pp. 111-18.
103. Michel Paradis (1991) 'Les Fondements de la tolérance universelle chez Bayle: La Séparation de l'église de l'état', in E. Greffier and M. Paradis (eds) The Notion of Tolerance and Human Rights, Essays in Honour of Raymond Klibansky, pp. 25-35. Montreal. Israel (2000, in n. 51), pp. 103-11. Israel (1997, in n. 51), pp. 27-36.
104. Michael Christopher Hanovius (1756-9) Philosophiae civilis sive politicae pars prima exhibens principia cum generalia politicae publicae turn simplicibus civitatum formispropria, 4 vols, vol. I, pp. 138-9, 163, vol. 3, p. 105. Halle.
105. Michiel Wielema (1999) 'Ketters en Verlichters: De invloed van het Spinozisme en Wolffianisme op de Verlichting in Gereformeerd Nederland', unpublished doctoral thesis, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, pp. 52-9. Israel (n. 10), pp. 406-35.
106. Franciscus Burmannus (1704) 't Hoogste Goed der Spinozisten vergekken met den Hemel op Aarden van den Heer Fredericus van Leenhof, p. 11. Enkhuizen. Israel (n. 20), p. 310.
107. Israel (n. 10), p. 259.
108. Spinoza (n. 16), p. 287.
109. Fredericus van Leenhof (1700b) Het Leven van den wijzen en magtigen Konink Salomon, pp. 51, 81. Zwolle and Amsterdam.
110. See also Fredericus van Leenhof (17003) De Prediker van den wijzen en magtigen Konink Salomon, p. 131. Zwolle and Amsterdam.
111. Van Leenhof (17003, in n. 72), p. 84.
112. Fredericus van Leenhof, De Prediker van den wijzen en magtigen Konink Salomon Ibid. pp. 132-4.
113. Van Leenhof (17oob, in n. 72), p. 50. Israel (n. 20), p. 312.
114. McShea (n. 35), pp. 57-7.
115. Frederik van Leenhof (1704) Den Hemel op Aarden; ofeen waare en klaare beschrijvinge van de waare en stantvastige blydschap, 2nd edn, pp. 3-7, 15, 19-20, 33. Amsterdam. Israel (n. 10), pp. 410-12.
116. Van Leenhof (1700b, in n. 72), p. 81; (17003, in n. 72), p. 131. Israel (n. 10), p. 409.
117. Van Leenhof (n. 77), p. 108.
118. Van Leenhof (17003, in n. 72), pp. 239, 242, 249.
119. Monro (n. 38), pp. 126-8, 232-3. James (n. 59), pp. 54-5.
120. [Bernsrd Mandeville] (1714) The Fable of the Bees, p. 34. London.
121. D.F. Norton (1993) 'Hume, Human Nature and the Foundations of Morality', in D.F. Norton (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Hume, p. 154. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
122. Wim Klever (1984) 'Power: Conditional and Unconditional', in C. De Deugd (ed.) Spinoza's Political and Theological Thought, p. 96. Amsterdam.
123. Walten (n. 18), p. 6. Ericus Walten (1689) Onwederleggelyk Bewys van het regt, de magt en pligt der overheden in kerkelyke Saken, p. 19. The Hague.
124. Balibar (n. 49), pp. 34-6, 38-9, 104. See also Alexandre Matheron (1985) 'La Fonction theorique de la démocratie chez Spinoza', Studia Spinozana I: 268-9.
125. Alexandre Matheron (1990) 'Le Problème de l'évolution de Spinoza du Traité Théologico-Polititjue au Traité Politique', in E. Curley and Pierre-Francois Moreau (eds) Spinoza. Issues and Directions, p. 264. Leiden.
126. Alexandre Matheron, Spinoza. Issues and Directions Ibid. pp. 258, 266.
127. S. Barebone and L.C. Rice (1996) 'La Naissance d'une nouvelle politique', in Pierre Francois Moreau (ed.) Architectures de la raison: Mélanges offerts a Alexandre Matheron, pp. 53-6. Paris.
128. Wim Klever (2002) 'Bernard Mandeville and his Spinozistic Appraisal of Vice', Foglio Spinoziano: Notiziario periodico di filosofia spinoziana 20: 4-5.
129. Barebone and Rice (n. 86), pp. 48, 52.
130. See R.K. Faulkner, 'Political Philosophy', in Kors (n. 61), vol. 3, p. 320.
131. B. de Spinoza (1992) Briefwisseling, ed. F. Akkerman, H.G. Hubbeling and A.G. Westerbrink, p. 309. Amsterdam.
132. Albert O. Hirschman (1997) The Passions and the Interests, pp. 15-16, 20, 31-2. Princeton; rep. of 1977 edn.
133. Monro (n. 38), p. 188; McShea (n. 35), pp. 58-9.
134. Albert O. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests Ibid. pp. 86-91, 143-7. Balibar (n. 49), pp. 55-6.
135. A. Roothaan (1996) Vroomheid, vrede, vrijheid: Fen interpretatie van Spinoza's Tracta tus Theologico-Politicus, pp. 61-3. Assen.
136. M Terpsta (1990) De wending naar de politick, p. 4. Nijmegen.
137. Spinoza, Opera vol. 3, p. 298; McShea (n. 35), pp. 126, 144-5.
138. Walten (n. 84), p. 42. Klever (n. 83), pp. 96-7.
139. Spinoza, Opera vol. 2, p. 241. McShea (n. 35), pp. 64-5, 144-5.
140. McShea (n. 35), pp. 138-41. MJ. Petry (1984) 'Hobbes and the Early Dutch Spinozists', in De Deugd (n. 83), 150-2, 154. Den Uyl (n. 26), pp. 390-1. Barebone and Rice (n. 86), p. 53.
141. Monro (n. 38), pp. 187-8, 221, 232-3.
142. Den Uyl (n. 26), pp. 371-2, 382-3, 386-8.
143. Spinoza, Opera vol. 3, p. 195. McShea (n. 35), pp. 146-52. Klever (n. 83), pp. 96-7. Petry (n. 96), pp. 154-5. Balibar (n. 49), pp. 34, 53. Van Bunge (n. 54), pp. 86, 88.
144. Spinoza (n. 16), p. 317; Blom (1995, in n. 2), p. 235.
145. Monro (n. 38), pp. 126-8, 188. Hundert (1995b, in n. 58), pp. 140-1.
146. Balibar (n. 49), pp. III-12.
147. K. Hammacher (1994) 'Ambition and Social Engagement in Hobbes and Spinoza's Political Thought', in De Deugd (n. 83), p. 57. Monro (n. 38), pp. 232-3.
148. Spinoza, Opera vol. 3, p. 226.
149. Van Leenhof (1700a, in n. 72), pp. 156, 239.
150. Van Leenhof (1700b, in n. 72), p. 44.
151. Spinoza (n. 16), pp. 305, 317-19, 339, 364-5. Van Leenhof (1700a, in n. 72), pp. 73-4. Van Leenhof (1700b, in n. 72), pp. 239-44.
152. Spinoza (n. 16), p. 305.
153. W. Klever (1990) 'Krijgsmacht en defensie in Spinoza's politieke théorie', Transaktie 19: 150-66.
154. Van Leenhof (n. 77), p. 108. Van Leenhof (1700a, in n. 72), p. 249. Israel (n. 20), pp. 313-14.
155. Den Uyl (n. 26), pp. 374-6. Klever (n. 86), 5-8.
156. [Mandeville] (n. 82), p. 182.
157. W. Klever (1990) 'Krijgsmacht en defensie in Spinoza's politieke théorie', Transaktie 19: 150-66. Ibid.
158. Norton (n. 82), pp. 154-6. Cook (n. 58), pp. 104-6. B. de Spinoza (2000) Ethics, ed. G.H.R. Parkinson, pp. 63, 228-9, 241. Oxford.
159. [Mandeville] (n. 82), p. 194. Van Leenhof (17003, in n. 72), p. 428. Hirschmann (n. 90), p. 18. Den Uyl (n. 26), pp. 381-2.
160. [Mandeville] (n. 82), pp. 169-70. Blom (2002, in n. 1), p. 114.
161. [Mandeville] (n. 82), p. 191. Klever (n. 86), 7.
162. On Jurieu's contractual theory of sovereignty and right of resistance, taken in part from Grotius, see E. Labrousse (1992) 'The Political Ideas of the Huguenot Diaspora (Bayle and Jurieu)', in R.M. Golden (ed.) Church, State and Society under the Bourbon Kings of France, pp. 249-53. Lawrence, KS.
163. Pocock (n. 11), p. 278. Worden (n. 6), pp. 255, 263, 265.
164. E. Labrousse, Church, State and Society under the Bourbon Kings of France Ibid. p. 20.
165. Walten (n. 18), p. 6.
166. Kossmann (2000, in n. 1), pp. 97, 103-6.
167. Quoted in Monro (n. 38), pp. 196-7.
168. Israel (n. 20), p. 313; Wolfgang Bartuschat (1984) 'The Ontological Basis of Spinoza's Theory of Polities', in C. de Deugd (ed.) Spinoza's Political and Theological Thought, pp. 34-5. Amsterdam.
169. Van Leenhof (1700b, in n. 72), p. 51.
170. McShea (n. 35), pp. 107-9.
171. Spinoza (n. 16), p. 311.
172. Mandeville (n. 22), p. 46. Blom (2002, in n. 1), 113.