The law of genocide in the jurisprudence of ICTY and ICTR in 2004

International Criminal Law Review

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 431-446

  Kim, Paul ^a  

^a NOTTINGHAM TRENT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 34248030742     PISSN: 1567536X     EISSN: 15718123     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/1571812054940076     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Agence France Presse, "Life jail term for Rwandan former minister convicted of genocide", 22 January 2004.
2. Kamuhanda, para. 634
3. Kamuhanda, para. 634
4. Kamuhanda, para. 628
5. The Prosecutor v André Ntagerura, Emmanuel Bagambiki, Samuel Imanishimwe, [Ntagerura, Bagambiki, Imanishimwe] Case No. ICTR-99-46-T, para. 661
6. Ntagerura, Bagambiki, Imanishimwe, para. 827
7. Ntagerura, Bagambiki, Imanishimwe, para. 690
8. " In the Chamber's view, the manner in which the soldiers killed the refugees and the resulting large number of victims reflect the soldiers' intention to destroy members of the Tutsi ethnic group, in whole or in part.", Ntagerura, Bagambiki, Imanishimwe, para. 690
9. Ntagerura, Bagambiki, Imanishimwe, para. 690
10. Ntagerura, Bagambiki, Imanishimwe, para. 690
11. Ntagerura, Bagambiki, Imanishimwe, para. 690
12. Kittichaisaree, International Criminal Law, Oxford 2001, pp. 74-76
13. Ntagerura, Bagambiki, Imanishimwe, para. 693
14. Ntagerura, Bagambiki, Imanishimwe, para. 693
15. Onasa News Agency, "Bosnian Serb General Aided and Abetted 'Evil' Srebrenica Massacre", 19 April 2004
16. Onasa News Agency, loc. cit.
17. Prosecutor v Radislav Krstic [Krstic Appeal] Case No. IT-98-33-A, para. 8
18. Krstic Appeal, para. 8
19. Krstic Appeal, para. 10
20. Krstic Appeal, para. 11. The Chamber also referred to the 1985 Report of the Special Rapporteur to the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (Benjamin Whitaker)
21. Krstic Appeal, para. 8
22. The Prosecutor v Clément Kayishema and Obed Ruzindana, [Kayishema and Ruzindana] Case No. ICTR-95-1-T, para. 96
23. Krstic Appeal, para. 12
24. Krstic Appeal, para. 12
25. Krstic Appeal, para. 16
26. Krstic Appeal, para. 15
27. Krstic Appeal, para. 26
28. Krstic Appeal, para. 26
29. Krstic Appeal, para. 26, emphasis added
30. Krstic Appeal, para. 30
31. Krstic Appeal, paras 31, 32
32. Krstic Appeal, para. 32
33. Krstic Appeal, para. 33
34. The Prosecutor v Radislav Krstic, [Krstic Trial], Case No. IT-98-33-T, para. 682
35. Krstic Appeal, para. 222
36. Krstic Appeal, para. 224
37. Eliézer Niyitegeka v. The Prosecutor, [Niyitegeka Appeal], Case No. ICTR-96-14-A para. 47
38. Niyitegeka Appeal, para. 51
39. "In the Appellant's view, the words 'as such' should be interpreted as referring to a situation 'where the specific intent was to commit the specified acts against the group solely because they were members of such a group' rather than a situation where the specific intent 'was to commit the specified acts against a gathering of persons because they were believed to be the enemy or supporters of the enemy.'", Niyitegeka Appeal, para. 47
40. Niyitegeka Appeal, para. 49
41. Niyitegeka Appeal, para. 52.
42. The Prosecutor v Goran Jelisic [Jelisic Appeal], Case No. IT-95-10-A, para. 49
43. Niyitegeka Appeal, para. 53
44. Niyitegeka Appeal, para. 53
45. "Finally, the intent requirement of genocide is not limited to instances where the perpetrator seeks to destroy only civilians. Provided the part intended to be destroyed is substantial, and provided that the perpetrator intends to destroy that part as such, there is nothing in the definition of genocide prohibiting, for example, a conviction where the perpetrator killed detained military personnel belonging to a protected group because of their membership in that group. ", Krstic Appeal, para. 226. There is also nothing in the definition of genocide prohibiting a conviction when the perpetrator killed military personnel outside detention.
46. BBC Online, "Rwandan genocide minister jailed", 15 July 2004 [accessed on 22 September 2004]
47. The Prosecutor v Emmanuel Ndindabahizi, [Ndindabahizi], Case No. ICTR-2001-71-I, para. 461
48. Ndindabahizi, para. 466. Nors was killed after Ndindabahizi had visited the roadblock, had distributed arms and "asked why Tutsi were being allowed to go through without being killed", para. 465
49. Ndindabahizi, para. 471
50. Ndindabahizi, para. 468
51. "As Nors had the physical appearance of a Tutsi, he would have been understood to be Tutsi. Having a single European parent is not mutually exclusive with being perceived as part-Tutsi; indeed, several witnesses referred to him as a "half-caste", which would seem to imply that he was understood to be part-European, and part-Rwandan. It is highly improbable that he would have been targeted if his Rwandan ethnicity was perceived to be Hutu or Twa.", Ndindabahizi, para. 469
52. Schabas, Genocide in International Law, Cambridge 2000, p. 200
53. "Leaving aside the question whether the intent to expel can exist alongside the intent to destroy [...] ", Brdjanin, para. 977. Emphasis added.
54. Brdjanin, para. 978
55. Brdjanin, para. 979
56. Brdjanin, para. 979
57. Brdjanin, para. 979. Emphasis added.
58. Brdjanin, para. 979
59. Cf. in view of the mass deportations: " The decision by Bosnian Serb forces to transfer the women, children and elderly within their control to other areas of Muslim-controlled Bosnia could be consistent with the Defence argument. This evidence, however, is also susceptible of an alternative interpretation. As the Trial Chamber explained, forcible transfer could be an additional means by which to ensure the physical destruction of the Bosnian Muslim community in Srebrenica. [...]", Krstic Appeal, para. 31
60. Brdjanin, paras 744 et seq., paras 907 et seq.
61. The Prosecutor v Elizaphan and Gérard Ntakirutimana, Cases no. ICTR-96-10 and ICTR-96-17-T, 21st February 2003, [Ntakirutimana Trial] para. 831
62. The Prosecutor v Elizaphan Ntakirutimana and Gérard Ntakirutimana, Cases Nos. ICTR-96-10-A and ICTR-96-17-A, 13th December 2004, [Ntakirutimana Appeal], para. 368
63. Ntakirutimana Appeal, para. 371
64. Ntakirutimana Appeal, para. 494.
65. See for instance Ntakirutimana Trial, para. 787 in view of Elizaphan Ntakirutimana
66. Ntakirutimana Appeal, para. 495
67. cf. Ntakirutimana Appeal, para. 500
68. Ntakirutimana Appeal, para. 496
69. Ntakirutimana Appeal, para. 497
70. Ntakirutimana Appeal, para. 500;
71. Krstic Appeal, para. 140
72. Krstic Appeal, para. 134
73. Ntakirutimana Appeal, para. 501