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2
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84933235799
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For a comprehensive review of these positions, see H. ZUCKERMAN, Nobel Laureates in the United States: A Sociological Study of Scientific Collaboration, (Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1965), Chapter 1. (Revision, without extensive co-authorship statistics, published as Scientific Elite, Nobel Laureates in the United States, Free Press, New York, 1977).
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3
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84933235798
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The best of these are: H. ZUCKERMAN, op. cit. Nobel Laureates in the United States: A Sociological Study of Scientific Collaboration, (Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1965), and two works by W. D. HAGSTROM, Traditional and Modern Forms of Teamwork, Administrative Science Quarterly, 9 (1964) 241–263, and The Scientific Community, Basic Books, New York, 1965, Chapter III.
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4
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84933235797
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Although the sociologist R. MERTON has been most influential in studying science as a community, his approach tends to obscure certain important factors. First, his postulation that the scientific community is organized around four norms (organized skepticism, universalism, communality, disinterestedness), either denies the existence of other motivations in a scientist's career or downgrades them by making them only isolated deviations normally to be shunned by scientists. More significantly, MERTON's work has oriented the sociology of science toward explaining the structure of the scientific community in terms of these four norms and consequently influenced others toward the view that scientists' behavior can be explained as either conforming to or deviating from the norms. Finally, reliance on this normative ideology, especially when priority or recognition is involved (two case which are statistically significant events in the scientific community) has led [Truncated]
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5
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84933235796
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E. MENDELSOHN, The Emergence of Science as a Profession in Nineteenth-Century Europe, in: The Management of Scientists, K. HILL, (Ed.), p. 4.
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6
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0004889126
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The Process of Professionalization in American Science: The Emergent Period, 1820–1869
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(1967)
Isis
, vol.58
, pp. 151-166
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Daniels, G.1
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13
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84933235795
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H. ZUCKERMAN, op. cit., Nobel Laureates in the United States: A Sociological Study of Scientific Collaboration, (Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1965), p. 79, 85.
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15
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84933235792
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For example, personal motivations and satisfactions appear in protocols in the work of ZUCKERMAN and HAGSTROM, but they remain incidental and subordinate. Cf. H. ZUCKERMAN, op. cit. Nobel Laureates in the United States: A Sociological Study of Scientific Collaboration, (Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1965), and W. O. HAGSTROM, The Scientific Community, loc. cit.
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17
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84933235793
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J. D. REUSS, Repertorium commentationum societatibus litterariis editorum, [etc.], Göttingen, 16 volumes, 1801–21.
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19
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84933235863
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E. MENDELSOHN, op. cit. The Emergence of Science as a Profession in Nineteenth-Century Europe, in: The Management of Scientists, K. HILL, (Ed.), p. 7.
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24
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84933235862
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E. MENDELSOHN, op. cit., The Emergence of Science as a Profession in Nineteenth-Century Europe, in: The Management of Scientists, K. HILL, (Ed.), p. 14.
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25
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84933235867
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Ibid., E. MENDELSOHN, The Emergence of Science as a Profession in Ninetteenth-Century Europe, in: The Management of Scientists, K. HILL, (Ed.), p. 11.
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27
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84933235866
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C. BABBAGE, Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, p. 10–11, as quoted in MENDELSOHN, op. cit., The Emergence of Science as a Profession in Ninetteenth-Century Europe, in: The Management of Scientists, K. HILL, (Ed.), p. 22.
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28
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84933235865
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E. MENDELSOHN, op. cit. The Emergence of Science as a Profession in Nineteenth-Century Europe, in: The Management of Scientists, K. HILL, (Ed.), p. 31.
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29
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84933235864
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We here defer treatment of the third consequence to a forthcoming essay, in which it is shown to be the case: See scientific Co-authorship, Research Productivity and Visibility in the French Scientific Elite, 1799–1830: Studies in Scientific Collaboration II, Scientometrics, in press.
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