The inherent stress of normal daily life and social interaction leads to the development of coping and resilience, and variation in resilience in infants and young children: Comments on the papers of Suomi and Klebanov & Brooks-Gunn

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 1094, Issue , 2006, Pages 83-104

  Tronick, Ed ^a  

^a BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Electrodermal; Face to Face Still Face Paradigm; FFSF; Infants; Microtemporal communicative processes; MRM; Mutual regulation model; Resilience; Stress; Vagal tone

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; AFFECT; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CONFERENCE PAPER; COPING BEHAVIOR; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; DATA ANALYSIS; ELECTRODERMAL RESPONSE; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; FACE; FEMALE; HEART RATE; HUMAN; INFANT; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING; RESILIENCE; SOCIAL INTERACTION; SOCIAL STRESS; STRESS; VAGUS TONE; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; HUMAN RELATION; MENTAL STRESS; NOTE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT BEHAVIOR; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 34247875988     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: 17496632     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1196/annals.1376.008     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (93)

1. RUTTER, M. 2006. Genes and Behavior. Blackwell. Malden, MA.
2. TRONICK, E.Z. 2003. Infant moods and the chronicity of depressive symptoms: the co-creation of unique ways of being together for good or ill. Paper 1: the normal process of development and the formation of moods. Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie 4: 408-425.
3. TRONICK, E.Z. 2005. Why is connection with others so critical? Dyadic meaning making, messiness, and complexity-governed selective processes which cocreate and expand indviduals' states of consciousness: the assembling of states of consciousness and experiential impelling certitude from the messiness of age-possible meanings of emotions, actions and symbols. In Emotional Development. J. Nadel & D. Muir, Eds.: 293-315. Oxford University Press. New York.
4. TRONICK, E.Z. 2003. Of course all relationships are unique: how co-creative processes generate unique mother-infant and patient-therapist relationships and change other relationships. Psychol. Inq. 23: 473-491.
5. STENGERS, I. & I. PRIGOGINE. 1997. The End of Certainty. Simon & Schuster. New York.
6. SANDER, L. 1995. Thinking about developmental process: wholeness, specificity, and the organization of conscious experiencing. Paper presented at the Division 39 meeting of the American Psychological Association. Santa Monica, CA.
7. BALTES, P., U. LINDENBERGER & M. STAUDINGER (Ed.). 1998. Life-Span Theory in Developmental Psychology (Vol. 1). John Wiley & Sons. New York.
8. GIANINO, A. & E.Z. TRONICK. 1988. The mutual regulation model: the infant's self and interactive regulation, coping, and defensive capacities. In Stress and Coping. T. Field, P. McCabe & N. Schneiderman, Eds.: 47-68. Erlbaum. Hillsdale, NJ.
9. BRAZELTON, T.B. 1992. Touchpoints: Your Child's Emotional and Behavioral Development. Addison-Wesley. Reading, MA.
10. HEIMANN, M. 2003. Regression Periods in Human Infancy. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. London.
11. BAK, P. 1996. How Nature Works. Srpinger-Verlag. New York.
12. FREEMAN, W.J. 2000. How Brains Make Up Their Mind. Columbia University Press. New York.
13. HOFER, M.A. 1984. Relationships as regulators: a psychobiologic perspective on bereavement. Psychosom. Med. 46: 183-197.
14. VYGOTSKY, L.S. 1967. Play and its role in the mental development of the child. Soviet Psychol. 5: 6-18.
15. BEEBE, B. & F. LACHMANN. 1998. Co-constructing inner and relational process: self and mutual regulation in infant research and adult treatment. Psychoanal. Psychol. 15: 1-37.
16. BEEGHLY, M. & E.Z. TRONICK. 1994. Effects of prenatal exposure to cocaine in early infancy: toxic effects on the process of mutual regulation. Infant Ment. Health J. 15: 158-175.
17. TRONICK, E.Z., H. ALS, L. ADAMSON, et al. 1978. The infant's response to entrapment between contradictory messages in face-to-face interaction. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 17: 1-13.
18. ADAMSON, L. & J. FRICK. 2003. The Still-Face: a history of a shared experimental paradigm. Infancy 4: 451-473.
19. COLE, P.M., S.E. MARTIN & T.A. DENNIS. 2004. Emotion regulation as a scientific construct: methodological challenges and directions for child development research. Child Dev. 75: 317-333.
20. STACK, D.M. & D.W. MUIR. 1990. Tactile stimulation as a component of social interchange: new interpretations for the still-face effect. Br. J. Dev. Psychol. 8: 131-145.
21. TRONICK, E.Z. 1989. Emotions and emotional communication in infants. Am. Psychol. 44: 112-119.
22. TRONICK, E.Z. 2001. Emotional connections and dyadic consciousness in infant-mother and patient-therapist interactions. Psychoanal. Dialogues 11: 187-194.
23. WEINBERG, M.K. & E.Z. TRONICK. 1996. Infant affective reactions to the resumption of maternal interaction after the still-face. Child Dev. 67: 905-914.
24. TODA, S. & A. FOGEL. 1993. Infant response to the still-face situation at 3 and 6 months. Dev. Psychol. 29: 532-538.
25. KOGAN, N. & A.S. CARTER. 1996. Mother-infant reengagement following the still-face: the role of maternal emotional availability in infant affect regulation. Infant Behav. Dev. 19: 359-370.
26. ROSENBLUM, K.L., S. MCDONOUGH, M. MUZIK, et al. 2002. Maternal representations of the infant: associations with infant response to the still-face. Child Dev. 73: 999-1015.
27. WEINBERG, M.K., E.Z. TRONICK, J.F. COHN & K.L. OLSON. 1999. Gender differences in emotional expressivity and self-regulation during early infancy. Dev. Psychol. 35: 175-188.
28. MOORE, G.A. & S.D. CALKINS. 2004. Infants' vagal regulation in the still-face paradigm is related to dyadic coordination of mother-infant interaction. Dev. Psychol. 40: 1068-1080.
29. BERNTSON, G.G., S.HART & M. SARTER. 1997. The cardiovascular startle response: anxiety and the benzodiazepine receptor complex. Psychophysiology 34: 348-357.
30. PORGES, S.W. 1995. Cardiac vagal tone: a physiological index of stress. Neurosc. Biobehav. Rev. 19: 225-233.
31. PORGES, S.W. 2001. The polyvagal theory: phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 42: 123-146.
32. CALKINS, S.D. 1997. Cardiac vagal tone indices of temperamental reactivity and behavioral regulation in young children. Dev. Psychobiol. 31: 125-135.
33. DONZELLA, B., M.R. GUNNAR, W.K. KRUEGER & J. ALWIN. 2000. Cortisol and vagal tone responses to competitive challenge in preschoolers: associations with temperament. Dev. Psychobiol. 37: 209-220.
34. DOUSSARD-ROOSEVELT, J., L. MONTGOMERY & S. PORGES. 2003. Short-term stability of physiological measures in kindergarten children: respiratory sinus arrhythmia, heart period, and cortisol. Dev. Psychobiol. 43: 230-242.
35. PORGES, S.W., J.A. DOUSSARD-ROOSEVELT, A.L. PORTALES & P.E. SUESS. 1994. Cardiac vagal tone: stability and relation to difficultness in infants and 3-year-olds. Dev. Psychobiol. 27: 289-300.
36. HUFFMAN, L.C., Y.E. BRYAN, R. DEL CARMEN, et al. 1998. Infant temperament and cardiac vagal tone: assessments at twelve weeks of age. Child Dev. 69: 624-635.
37. DEGANGI, G., J. DIPIETRO, S.W. PORGES & S. GREENSPAN. 1991. Psychophysiological characteristics of the regulatory disorded infant. Infant Behav. Dev. 14: 37-50.
38. PORGES, S.W., J.A. DOUSSARD-ROOSEVELT, A.L. PORTALES & S.I. GREENSPAN. 1996. Infant regulation of the vagal "brake" predicts child behavior problems: a psychobiological model of social behavior. Dev. Psychobiol. 29: 697-712.
39. PORGES, S.W. 2003. The polyvagal theory: phylogenetic contributions to social behavior. Physiol. Behav. 79: 503-513.
40. BORNSTEIN, M.H. & P.E. SUESS. 2000. Child and mother cardiac vagal tone: continuity, stability, and concordance across the first 5 years. Dev. Psychol. 36: 54-65.
41. RICHARDS, J.E. 1987. Infant visual sustained attention and respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Child Dev. 58: 488-496.
42. BAZHENOVA, O.V., O. PLONSKAIA & S.W. PORGES. 2001. Vagal reactivity and affective adjustment in infants during interaction challenges. Child Dev. 72: 1314-1326.
43. HALEY, D.W. & K. STANSBURY. 2003. Infant stress and parent responsiveness: regulation of physiology and behavior during Still-Face and reunion. Child Dev. 74: 1534-1546.
44. MOORE, G.A., J.F. COHN & S.B. CAMPBELL. 2001. Infant affective responses to mother's still face at 6 months differentially predict externalizing and internalizing behaviors at 18 months. Dev. Psychol. 37: 706-714.
45. LEWIS, M. & D. RAMSAY. 2005. Infant emotional and cortisol responses to goal blockage. Child Dev. 76: 518-530.
46. DE QUERVAIN, D.J., B. ROOZENDAAL & J.L. MCGAUGH. 1998. Stress and glucocorticoids impair retrieval of long-term spatial memory. Nature 394: 787-790.
47. LUPIEN, S.J., A. FIOCCO, N. WAN, et al. 2005. Stress hormones and human memory function across the lifespan. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30: 225-242.
48. MCEWEN, B.S. & R.M. SAPOLSKY. 1995. Stress and cognitive function. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 5: 205-216.
49. STANSBURY, K. & M.R. GUNNAR. 1994. Adrenocortical activity and emotion regulation. In The Development of Emotion Regulation: Biological and Behavioral Considerations, 59 edition. N.A. Fox, Ed.: 108-134. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Devleopment. Blackwell Publishing. Malden, MA.
50. WHITE, B.P., M.R. GUNNAR, M.C. LARSON, et al. 2000. Behavioral and physiological responsivity, sleep, and patterns of daily cortisol production in infants with and without colic. Child Dev. 71: 862-877.
51. GODLBERG, S., R. LEVITAN, E. LEUNG, et al. 2003. Cortisol concentrations in 12- to 18-month-old infants: stability over time, location and stressor. Biol. Psychiatry 54: 719-726.
52. DICKERSON, S.S. & M.E. KEMENY. 2004. Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychol. Bull. 130: 355-391.
53. RAMSAY, D. & M. LEWIS. 2003. Reactivity and regulation in cortisol and behavioral responses to stress. Child Dev. 74: 456-464.
54. BUSS, K.A., J.R.M. SCHUMACHER, I. DOLSKI, et al. 2003. Right frontal brain activity, cortisol, and withdrawal behavior in 6-month-old infants. Behav. Neurosc. 117: 11-20.
55. GUNNAR, M.R., S. MANGELSDORF, M. LARSON & L. HERTSGAARD. 1989. Attachment, temperament, and adrenocortical activity in infancy: a study of psychoendocrine regulation. Dev. Psychol. 25: 355-363.
56. MCGAUGH, J.L. 2004. The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences. Ann. Rev. Neurosc. 27: 1-28.
57. ROOZENDAAL, B., G.L. QUIRARTE & J.L. MCGAUGH. 1997. Stress-activated hormonal systems and the regulation of memory storage. In Psychobiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Eds.: A.C. McFarlane & R. Yehuda: 247-258. New York Academy of Sciences. New York.
58. COHN, J.F. & M. ELMORE. 1988. Effect of contingent changes in mothers' affective expression on the organization of behavior in 3-month-old infants. Infant Behav. Dev. 11: 493-505.
59. COHN, J. & E.TRONICK. 1987. Mother-infant face-to-face interaction: the sequence of dyadic states at three, six, and nine months. Devel. Psych. 23: 68-77.
60. COHN, J.F. & E. TRONICK. 1988. Mother-infant face-to-face interaction: influence is bidirectional and unrelated to periodic cycles in either partner's behavior. Dev. Psychol. 24: 386-392.
61. COHN, J.F. & E.Z. TRONICK. 1987. Mother-infant face-to-face interaction: the sequence of dyadic states at 3, 6, and 9 months. Dev. Psychol. 23: 68-77.
62. TRONICK, E., J. COHN & E. SHEA. 1986. The transfer of affect between mothers and infants. In Affective Development in Infancy. Eds.: 11-25. T.B. Brazelton & M.W. Yogman, Ablex Publishing Corp. Norwood, NJ.
63. TRONICK, E.Z. & A. GIANINO. 1986. Interactive mismatch and repair: challenges to the coping infant. Zero to Three: Bulletin of the National Center for Clinical Infant Programs 6: 1-6.
64. TRONICK, E.Z. & J.F. COHN. 1989. Infant-mother face-to-face interaction: age and gender differences in coordination and the occurrence of miscoordination. Child Dev. 60: 85-92.
65. TRONICK, E.Z. & M.K. WEINBERG. 1997. Depressed mothers and infants: failure to form dyadic states of consciousness. In Postpartum Depression and Child Development. L. Murray & P.J. Cooper, Eds.: 54-81. Guilford Press. New York.
66. TRONICK, E.Z., M.K. WEINBERG, M. BEEGHLY & K.L. OLSON. 2003. Short-term stability and change in infant, maternal, and mutual regulatory behavior during the face-to-face still-face paradigm. Presented at the biennial meetings of the International Conference on Infant Studies. Chicago, IL.
67. SHAPIRO, B., J. FAGEN, J. PRIGOT, et al. 1998. Infants' emotional and regulatory behaviors in response to violations of expectancies. Infant Behav. Dev. 21: 299-313.
68. ROSENBLUM, K.L. & M. MUZIK. 2004. Mothers' representations of their infants and infant still face response: individual differences from 7- to 15-months. International Conference on Infant Studies. Chicago.
69. DOUSSARD-ROOSEVELT, J.A., B.D. MCC LENNY & S.W. PORGES. 2001. Neonatal cardiac vagal tone and school-age developmental outcome in very low birth weight infants. Dev. Psychobiol. 38: 56-66.
70. EL-SHEIKH, M. 2005. Stability of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in children and young adolescents: a longitudinal examination. Dev. Psychobiol. 46: 66-74.
71. GUNNAR, M.R., F.L. PORTER, C.M. WOLF, et al. 1995. Neonatal stress reactivity: predictions to later emotional temperament. Child Dev. 66: 1-13.
72. PORGES, S.W. 1992. Vagal tone: a physiological marker of stress vulnerability. Pediatrics 90: 498-504.
73. PORGES, S.W., J.A. DOUSSARD-ROOSEVELT, C.A. STIFTER, et al. 1999. Sleep state and vagal regulation of heart period patterns in the human newborn: an extension of the polyvagal theory. Psychophysiology 36: 14-21.
74. STIFTER, C.A. & N.A. FOX. 1990. Infant reactivity. Physiological correlates of newborn and 5-month temperament. Develop. Psych. 26(4): 582-588.
75. STIFTER, C.A., N.A. FOX & S.W. PORGES. 1989. Facial expressivity and vagal tone in 5- and 10-month-old infants. Infant Behav. Dev. 12: 127-138.
76. CALKINS, S., S.E. DEDMON, K.L. GILL, et al. 2002. Frustration in infancy: implications for emotion regulation, physiological processes, and temperament. Infancy 3: 175-197.
77. CALKINS, S. & S. KEANE. 2004. Cardiac vagal regulation across the preschool period: stability, continuity, and implications for childhood adjustment. Dev. Psychobiol. 45: 101-112.
78. STIFTER, C.A. & A. JAIN. 1996. Psychophysiological correlates of infant temperament: stability of behavior and autonomic patterning from 5 to 18 months. Dev. Psychobiol. 29: 379-391.
79. NACHMIAS, M., M. GUNNAR, S. MANGELSDORF, et al. 1996. Behavioral inhibition and stress reactivity: the moderating role of attachment security. Child Dev. 67: 508-522.
80. GOLDBERG, S., R. LEVITAN, J.B. EMANS, et al. 2003. Cortisol concentrations in 12- and 18-month-old infants: stability over time, location and stressor. Biol. Psychiatry 54: 719-726.
81. BLAIR, C., D. GRANGER & R.P. RAZZA. 2005. Cortisol reactivity is positively related to executive function in preschool children attending Head Start. Child Dev. 76: 554-567.
82. TRONICK, E.Z. & T. FIELD. 1987. Maternal Depression and Infant Disturbance. Jossey-Bass. San Francisco, CA.
83. WEINBERG, M.K., E.Z. TRONICK, J.F. COHN & K.L. OLSON. 1999. Gender differences in emotional expressivity and self-regulation during early infancy. Devel. Psych. 35: 175-188.
84. JAFFE, J., B. BEEBE, S. FELDSTEIN, C.L. CROWN & M.D. JASNOW. 2001. Rhythms of Dialogue in Infancy. Blackwell Publishing. Malden, MA.
85. BELSKY, J. 1999. Interactional and contextual determinants of attachment security. In Handbook of Attachment. Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications. J. Cassidy & P.R. Shaver, Eds.: 249-264. The Guilford Press. New York.
86. LUPIEN, S.J. & B.S. MCEWEN. 1997. The acute effects of corticosteroids on cognition: integration of animal and human model studies. Brain Res. Rev. 24: 1-27.
87. MCGAUGH, J.L. 2000. Memory: a century of consolidation. Science 287: 248-251.
88. SMYTHE, J.W., C.M. MCCORMICK & M.J. MEANEY. 1996. Median eminence corticotrophin-releasing hormone content following prenatal stress and neonatal handling. Brain Res. Bull. 40: 195-199.
89. HAM, J. & E. TRONICK. 2006. Infant resilience to the stress of the still-face. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. This volume.
90. EMDE, R.N. (1983, March). The affective core. Paper presented at the Second World Congress of Infant Psychiatry, Cannes, France.
91. TRONICK, E. 1980. The primary of social skills in infancy. In Exceptional infant, Vol. 4: Psychosocial risks in infant-environment transactions. D.B. Sawin, Hawkins R.C., L.O. Walker, J.H. Penticuff, Eds.: 144-158. Bruner/Mazel. New York.
92. TRONICK, E., J. COHN & E. SHEA. 1986. The transfer of affect between mothers and infants. In Affective development in infancy. Norwood. T.B. Brazelton,M.W. Yogman, Eds.: 11-25. NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
93. FUERTES, M., et al. More maternal sensitivity shopes attachment. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. This volume.