Inhalation agents in pediatric anaesthesia - An update

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 221-226

  Lerman, Jerrold ^a,b,c  

^a STRONG MEMORIAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b ST CHRISTOPHER'S HOSPITAL FOR CHILDREN   (United States)

^c CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

Bispectral index; Duchenne's muscular dystrophy; Emergence delirium

Indexed keywords

ALPHA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CLONIDINE; DESFLURANE; DEXMEDETOMIDINE; ETHER; HALOTHANE; ISOFLURANE; KETAMINE; NALBUPHINE; PLACEBO; SEVOFLURANE; TROPISETRON;

ANESTHESIA INDUCTION; ANESTHETIC RECOVERY; BISPECTRAL INDEX; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DELIRIUM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY; HEART ARREST; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; INHALATION ANESTHESIA; PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SINGLE DRUG DOSE;

ADOLESCENT; ANESTHESIA, INHALATION; ANESTHETICS, INHALATION; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DELIRIUM; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; HUMANS; MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY, DUCHENNE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS;

EID: 34247868109     PISSN: 09527907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ACO.0b013e32811e16e7     Document Type: Review

References (21)

1. Cravero J, Surgenor S, Whalen K. Emergence agitation in paediatric patients after sevoflurane anaesthesia and no surgery: a comparison with halothane. Paediatr Anaesth 2000; 10:419-424.
2. Sikich N, Lerman J. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale. Anesthesiology 2004; 100:1138-1145.
3. Bortone L, Ingelmo P, Grossi S, et al. Emergence agitation in preschool children; double-blind, randomized, controlled trial comparing sevoflurane and isoflurane anesthesia. Pediatr Anesth 2006; 16:1138-1143. Emergence delirium after sevoflurane induction and isoflurane for maintenance in children was less than after an anesthetic that was entirely sevoflurane.
4. Mayer J, Boldt J, Rohm KD, et al. Desflurane anesthesia after sevoflurane inhaled induction reduces severity of emergence agitation in children undergoing minor ear-nose-throat surgery compared with sevoflurane induction and maintenance. Anesth Analg 2006; 102:400-404. Emergence delirium after sevoflurane induction and desflurane for maintenance in children was evaluated using the PAED scale compared with sevoflurane alone. The former technique was associated with less emergence delirium and faster recovery.
5. Malviya S, Voepel-Lewis T, Ramamurthi RJ, et al. Clonidine for the prevention of emergence agitation in young children: efficacy and recovery profile. Pediatr Anesth 2006; 16:554-559. Clonidine reduced the incidence of emergence delirium after sevoflurane induction and isoflurane maintenance, but produced sleepier children in the recovery area.
6. Tesoro S, Mezzetti D, Marchesini L, Peduto VA. Clonidine treatment for agitation in children after sevoflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2005; 101:1619-1622.
7. Lankinen U, Avela R, Tarkkila P. The prevention of emergence agitation with tropisetron or clonidine after sevoflurane anesthesia in small children undergoing adenoidectomy. Anesth Analg 2006; 102:1383-1386. This study contained the curious observation that tropisetron but not clonidine attenuated the incidence of emergence delirium after sevoflurane anesthesia in children.
8. Guler G, Akin A, Tosun Z, et al. Single-dose dexmedetomidine reduces agitation and provides smooth extubation after pediatric adenostonsillectomy. Pediatr Anesth 2005; 15:762-766.
9. Shukry M, Clyde MC, Kalarickal PL, Ramadhyani U. Does dexmedetomidine prevent emergence delirium in children after sevoflurane-based general anesthesia? Pediatr Anesth 2005; 15:1098-1101.
10. Petroz G, Sikich N, van Dyk H, et al. A phase 1, two center study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine in children. Anesthesiology 2006; 105:1098-1110.
11. Dalens B, Pinard AM, Letourneau D-R, et al. Prevention of emergence agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia for pediatric cerebral magnetic resonance imaging by small doses of ketamine or nalbuphine administered just before discontinuing anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2006; 102:1056-1061. Small doses of ketamine and nalbuphine at the end of sevoflurane anesthesia for MRI attenuates the incidence of emergence delirium compared with placebo.
12. Kim HS, Oh AY, Kim CS, et al. Correlation of bispectral index with end-tidal sevoflurane concentration and age in infants and children. Br J Anaesth 2005; 95:362-366.
13. Edwards JJ, Soto RG, Bedford RF. Bispectral Index™ values are higher during halothane vs. sevoflurane anesthesia in children, but not in infants. Acta Anaesthesiol Scan 2005; 49:1084-1087.
14. 2 = 0.48-0.57).
15. Girshin M, Mukherjee J, Clowney R, et al. The postoperative cardiovascular arrest of a 5-year-old male: an initial presentation of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Pediatr Anesth 2006; 16:170-173. During recovery from a sevoflurane/isoflurane anesthetic, this 5-year-old boy suffered a cardiac arrest which ultimately resulted in his death 7 days later. This child was discovered to have DMD.
16. Smelt WLH. Cardiac arrest during desflurane anesthesia in a child with Deuchenne's muscular dystrophy. Acta Anaesth Scand 2005; 49:268-269.
17. Yemen TA, McClain C. Muscular dystrophy, anesthesia and the safety of inhalational agents revisited: again. Pediatr Anesth 2006; 16:105-108. This is a thought-provoking editorial that questions whether inhalational agents should be administered to all children (really, only males) who have not had histories and physical examinations completed specifically for DMD.
18. Nordmann GR, Read JA, Sale SM, et al. Emergence and recovery in children after desflurane and isoflurane anaesthesia: effect of anaesthetic duration. Br J Anaesth 2006; 96:779-785. In this study there was a very rapid and complete recovery after desflurane anesthesia in children compared with isoflurane.
19. Sale SM, Read JA, Stoddart PA, Wolf AR. Prospective comparison of sevoflurane and desflurane in formerly premature infants undergoing inguinal herniotomy. Br J Anaesth 2006; 96:774-778. The study showed a very rapid and complete recovery after desflurane anesthesia.
20. Lejus C, Bazin V, Fernandez M, et al. Inhalation induction using sevoflurane in children: the single-breath vital capacity technique compared to the tidal volume technique. Anaesthesia 2006; 61:535-540. Single-breath inductions with sevoflurane are tolerated and efficient for inducing anesthesia in children greater than 5 or 6 years of age.
21. Baum VC, Yemen TA, Baum LD. Immediate 8% sevoflurane induction in children: a comparison with incremental sevoflurane and incremental halothane. Anesth Analg 1997; 85:313-316.