메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 128, Issue 1-3, 2007, Pages 311-321

Kelp as a bioindicator: Does it matter which part of 5 m long plant is used for metal analysis?

Author keywords

Alaria; Aleutian Islands; Algae; Bioindicator; Cadmium; Kelp; Lead; Mercury

Indexed keywords

ALGAE; MARINE BIOLOGY; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; METAL ANALYSIS; PLANTS (BOTANY); REGRESSION ANALYSIS; TRACE ELEMENTS;

EID: 34247867946     PISSN: 01676369     EISSN: 15732959     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-9314-6     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (26)

References (68)
  • 2
    • 77952571799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ATSDR Adak. (accessed 6/13/06)
    • ATSDR (2002). Public health assessment: Naval Air Facility, Adak. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/PHA/adak/ada_toc.htmlv (accessed 6/13/06).
    • (2002) Public Health Assessment: Naval Air Facility
  • 4
    • 0032543471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An overview of trace metal pollution in the coastal waters of Hong Kong
    • Blackmore, G. (1998). An overview of trace metal pollution in the coastal waters of Hong Kong. Science of the Total Environment, 214, 21-48.
    • (1998) Science of the Total Environment , vol.214 , pp. 21-48
    • Blackmore, G.1
  • 6
    • 0015221738 scopus 로고
    • The effects of heavy metals (other than mercury) on marine and estuarine organisms
    • Bryan, G. W. (1971). The effects of heavy metals (other than mercury) on marine and estuarine organisms. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Ser. B, 177, 389-410.
    • (1971) Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Ser. B , vol.177 , pp. 389-410
    • Bryan, G.W.1
  • 8
    • 0017650209 scopus 로고
    • High levels of cadmium in Atlantic seabirds and sea-skaters
    • Bull, K. R., Murton, R. K., Osborn, D., & Ward, P. (1977). High levels of cadmium in Atlantic seabirds and sea-skaters. Nature, 269, 507-509.
    • (1977) Nature , vol.269 , pp. 507-509
    • Bull, K.R.1    Murton, R.K.2    Osborn, D.3    Ward, P.4
  • 9
    • 33751542683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioindicators: Types, development, and use in ecological assessment and research
    • Burger, J. (2006). Bioindicators: Types, development, and use in ecological assessment and research. Environmental Bioindicators, 1, 1-18.
    • (2006) Environmental Bioindicators , vol.1 , pp. 1-18
    • Burger, J.1
  • 10
    • 0035719375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiocesium in fish from the Savannah River and Steel Creek: Potential food chain exposure to the public
    • Burger, J., Gaines, K. F., Peles, J. D., Stephens Jr., W. L., Boring, C. S., Brisbin, Jr., I. L. et al. (2001). Radiocesium in fish from the Savannah River and Steel Creek: Potential food chain exposure to the public. Risk Analysis, 21, 545-559.
    • (2001) Risk Analysis , vol.21 , pp. 545-559
    • Burger, J.1    Gaines, K.F.2    Peles, J.D.3    Stephens Jr., W.L.4    Boring, C.S.5    Brisbin Jr., I.L.6
  • 11
    • 0034056724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of lead on birds (Laridae): A review of laboratory and field studies
    • Burger, J., & Gochfeld, M. (2000). Effects of lead on birds (Laridae): A review of laboratory and field studies. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 3, 59-78.
    • (2000) Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health , vol.3 , pp. 59-78
    • Burger, J.1    Gochfeld, M.2
  • 12
    • 0035154440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On developing bioindicators for human and ecological health
    • Burger, J., & Gochfeld, M. (2001). On developing bioindicators for human and ecological health. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 66, 23-46.
    • (2001) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment , vol.66 , pp. 23-46
    • Burger, J.1    Gochfeld, M.2
  • 13
    • 33645349629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioindicators for assessing human and ecological health
    • In G. B. Wiersma (Ed.), Boca Raton, Florida: CRC
    • Burger, J., & Gochfeld, M. (2004a). Bioindicators for assessing human and ecological health. In G. B. Wiersma (Ed.), Environmental monitoring (pp. 541-566). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC.
    • (2004) Environmental Monitoring , pp. 541-566
    • Burger, J.1    Gochfeld, M.2
  • 14
    • 4444277329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mercury in canned tuna: White versus light and temporal variation
    • Burger, J., & Gochfeld, M. (2004b). Mercury in canned tuna: White versus light and temporal variation. Environmental Research, 94, 239-249.
    • (2004) Environmental Research , vol.94 , pp. 239-249
    • Burger, J.1    Gochfeld, M.2
  • 15
    • 27944472202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heavy metals in commercial fish in New Jersey
    • Burger, J., & Gochfeld, M. (2005). Heavy metals in commercial fish in New Jersey. Environmental Research, 99, 403-412.
    • (2005) Environmental Research , vol.99 , pp. 403-412
    • Burger, J.1    Gochfeld, M.2
  • 16
    • 34247852314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locational differences in heavy metals in Pacific blue mussels Mytilus [edulis] trossulus from Adak in the Aleutian Chain
    • (in press). sub
    • Burger, J., & Gochfeld, M. (in press). Locational differences in heavy metals in Pacific blue mussels Mytilus [edulis] trossulus from Adak in the Aleutian Chain. Science of the Total Environment. sub.
    • Science of the Total Environment
    • Burger, J.1    Gochfeld, M.2
  • 17
    • 0003586835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CAFF (Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna) Helsinki, Edita
    • CAFF (Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna) (2001). Arctic flora and fauna: Status and conservation. Helsinki, Edita, 272 pp.
    • (2001) Arctic Flora and Fauna: Status and Conservation , pp. 272
  • 18
    • 0036528578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heavy metal contamination in the seaweeds of the Venice lagoon
    • Caliceti, M., Argese, E., Sfriso, A., & Pavoini, B. (2002). Heavy metal contamination in the seaweeds of the Venice lagoon. Chemosphere, 47, 443-454.
    • (2002) Chemosphere , vol.47 , pp. 443-454
    • Caliceti, M.1    Argese, E.2    Sfriso, A.3    Pavoini, B.4
  • 19
    • 0035989617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selecting indicator species to monitor ecological integrity: A review
    • Carignan, V., & Villard, M. A. (2001). Selecting indicator species to monitor integrity: A review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 78, 45-61.
    • (2001) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment , vol.78 , pp. 45-61
    • Carignan, V.1    Villard, M.A.2
  • 21
    • 34247858059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Codex committee on food additives and contaminants: Maximum level for lead in fish
    • Codex Alimentarius Commission Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme', Document CL-2002 10-FAC. United Nations, Rome
    • Codex Alimentarius Commission (2002). Codex committee on food additives and contaminants: Maximum level for lead in fish. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme', Document CL-2002 10-FAC. United Nations, Rome.
    • (2002)
  • 22
    • 27944484684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Codex committee on food additives and contaminants: Schedule 1 of the proposed draft general standard for contaminants and toxins in food
    • Codex Alimentarius Commission Document CX/FAC 3/18, Rome
    • Codex Alimentarius Commission (2003). Codex committee on food additives and contaminants: Schedule 1 of the proposed draft general standard for contaminants and toxins in food. Document CX/FAC 3/18, Rome.
    • (2003)
  • 24
    • 0024921196 scopus 로고
    • Survival of juvenile giant kelp: The effects of demographic factors, competition, and grazers
    • Dean, T. A., Thies, K., & Lagos, S. L. (1989). Survival of juvenile giant kelp: The effects of demographic factors, competition, and grazers. Ecology, 70, 483-495.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 483-495
    • Dean, T.A.1    Thies, K.2    Lagos, S.L.3
  • 29
    • 0001672599 scopus 로고
    • A review of arsenic hazards to plants and animals with emphasis on fishery and wildlife resources
    • In J. O. Nriagu (Ed.), New York, New York: Wiley
    • Eisler, R. (1994). A review of arsenic hazards to plants and animals with emphasis on fishery and wildlife resources. In J. O. Nriagu (Ed.), Arsenic in the environment part, II. New York, New York: Wiley.
    • (1994) Arsenic in the Environment Part, II
    • Eisler, R.1
  • 30
    • 0025199311 scopus 로고
    • Critical review of selected heavy metal and chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations in the marine environment
    • Fowler, S. W. (1990). Critical review of selected heavy metal and chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations in the marine environment. Marine Environmental Research, 29, 1-64.
    • (1990) Marine Environmental Research , vol.29 , pp. 1-64
    • Fowler, S.W.1
  • 31
    • 0015704844 scopus 로고
    • Trace metal concentrations in brown seaweeds, Cardigan Bay, Wales
    • Fuge, R., & James, K. H. (1973). Trace metal concentrations in brown seaweeds, Cardigan Bay, Wales. Marine Chemistry, 1, 281-293.
    • (1973) Marine Chemistry , vol.1 , pp. 281-293
    • Fuge, R.1    James, K.H.2
  • 32
    • 0015994007 scopus 로고
    • Trace metal concentrations in Fucus from the Bristol Channel
    • Fuge, R., & James, K. H. (1974). Trace metal concentrations in Fucus from the Bristol Channel. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 5, 9-12.
    • (1974) Marine Pollution Bulletin , vol.5 , pp. 9-12
    • Fuge, R.1    James, K.H.2
  • 33
    • 0002342867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cadmium in birds
    • In W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, & A. W. Redmom-Norwood (Eds.), Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis
    • Furness, R. W. (1996). Cadmium in birds. In W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, & A. W. Redmom-Norwood (Eds.), Environmental contaminants in wildlife: Interpreting tissue concentrations (pp. 389-404). Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis.
    • (1996) Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations , pp. 389-404
    • Furness, R.W.1
  • 34
    • 1542308689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric deposition of trace elements, mercury and nitrogen to the New York-New Jersey harbor estuary
    • Unpublished manuscript, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
    • Gao, Y. (2001). Atmospheric deposition of trace elements, mercury and nitrogen to the New York-New Jersey harbor estuary. Unpublished manuscript, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.
    • (2001)
    • Gao, Y.1
  • 36
    • 0028975505 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal and local variation of Cr, Ni and Co concentrations in Ulva rigida C. Agardh and Enteromorpha linza (Linneaeus) from Thermaikos Gulf, Greece
    • Haritonidis, S., & Malea, P. (1995). Seasonal and local variation of Cr, Ni and Co concentrations in Ulva rigida C. Agardh and Enteromorpha linza (Linneaeus) from Thermaikos Gulf, Greece. Environmental Pollution, 89, 319-327.
    • (1995) Environmental Pollution , vol.89 , pp. 319-327
    • Haritonidis, S.1    Malea, P.2
  • 37
    • 0032573108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study on the concentration and seasonal variation of inorganic elements in 35 species of marine algae
    • Hou, X., & Yan, X. (1998). Study on the concentration and seasonal variation of inorganic elements in 35 species of marine algae. Science of the Total Environment, 222, 141-156.
    • (1998) Science of the Total Environment , vol.222 , pp. 141-156
    • Hou, X.1    Yan, X.2
  • 38
    • 0032575754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paradigms of metal accumulation in rooted aquatic vascular plants
    • Jackson, L. J. (1998). Paradigms of metal accumulation in rooted aquatic vascular plants. Science of the Total Environment, 219, 223-231.
    • (1998) Science of the Total Environment , vol.219 , pp. 223-231
    • Jackson, L.J.1
  • 40
    • 0343478084 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of marine algae
    • In M. L. Merritt & R. G. Fuller (Eds.), Springfield, Virginia: Technical Information Center
    • Lebednik, P. A., & Palmisano, J. F. (1977). Ecology of marine algae. In M. L. Merritt & R. G. Fuller (Eds.), The environment of Amchitka Island, Alaska (pp. 353-394). Springfield, Virginia: Technical Information Center.
    • (1977) The Environment of Amchitka Island, Alaska , pp. 353-394
    • Lebednik, P.A.1    Palmisano, J.F.2
  • 41
    • 0027338873 scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for evaluating selenium data from aquatic monitoring and assessment studies
    • Lemly, D. A. (1993a). Guidelines for evaluating selenium data from aquatic monitoring and assessment studies. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 28, 83-100.
    • (1993) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment , vol.28 , pp. 83-100
    • Lemly, D.A.1
  • 42
    • 0027382115 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic stress during winter increases the toxicity of selenium to fish
    • Lemly, D. A. (1993b). Metabolic stress during winter increases the toxicity of selenium to fish. Aquatic Toxicology, 27, 133-158.
    • (1993) Aquatic Toxicology , vol.27 , pp. 133-158
    • Lemly, D.A.1
  • 43
    • 26444583384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of algae for removing heavy metal ions from wastewater: Progress and prospects
    • Mehta, S. D., & Gaur, J. P. (2005). Use of algae for removing heavy metal ions from wastewater: Progress and prospects. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 25, 113-152.
    • (2005) Critical Reviews in Biotechnology , vol.25 , pp. 113-152
    • Mehta, S.D.1    Gaur, J.P.2
  • 44
    • 0026614462 scopus 로고
    • Heavy metal concentrations in two biological indicators (Patella vulgata and Fucus serratus) collected near the French nuclear reprocessing plant at La Hague
    • Miramand, P., & Bentley, D. (1992). Heavy metal concentrations in two biological indicators (Patella vulgata and Fucus serratus) collected near the French nuclear reprocessing plant at La Hague. Science of the Total Environment, 111, 135-149.
    • (1992) Science of the Total Environment , vol.111 , pp. 135-149
    • Miramand, P.1    Bentley, D.2
  • 47
    • 0033064379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the contamination of marine algae (seaweed) from the St. Lawrence River and likely to be consumed by humans
    • Phaneuf, D., Cote, I., Duman, P., Ferron, L. A., & LeBlanc, A. (1999). Evaluation of the contamination of marine algae (seaweed) from the St. Lawrence River and likely to be consumed by humans. Environmental Research, 80, 5175-5182.
    • (1999) Environmental Research , vol.80 , pp. 5175-5182
    • Phaneuf, D.1    Cote, I.2    Duman, P.3    Ferron, L.A.4    LeBlanc, A.5
  • 48
    • 85052771432 scopus 로고
    • Use of macroalgae and invertebrates as monitors of metal levels in estuarine and coastal waters
    • In R. W. Furness & P. S. Rainbow (Eds.), Boca Raton, Florida: CRC
    • Phillips, D. J. H. (1990). Use of macroalgae and invertebrates as monitors of metal levels in estuarine and coastal waters. In R. W. Furness & P. S. Rainbow (Eds.), Heavy metals in the marine environment (pp. 81-100). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC.
    • (1990) Heavy Metals in the Marine Environment , pp. 81-100
    • Phillips, D.J.H.1
  • 49
    • 4243673211 scopus 로고
    • Individual exposure and biological monitoring
    • In V. B. Vouk, G. C. Butler, D. G. Hoel, & D. B. Peakall (Eds.), Chichester, UK: Wiley
    • Piotrowski, J. K. (1985). Individual exposure and biological monitoring. In V. B. Vouk, G. C. Butler, D. G. Hoel, & D. B. Peakall (Eds.), Methods for estimating risk of chemical injury: Human and non-human biota and ecosystems (pp. 123-135). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
    • (1985) Methods for Estimating Risk of Chemical Injury: Human and Non-human Biota and Ecosystems , pp. 123-135
    • Piotrowski, J.K.1
  • 50
    • 34247870321 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of digestion techniques for the AAS determination of metal concentrations in kelp
    • Pourian, S., & Smith, M. (1974). Evaluation of digestion techniques for the AAS determination of metal concentrations in kelp. American Chemical Society, 14, 237-244.
    • (1974) American Chemical Society , vol.14 , pp. 237-244
    • Pourian, S.1    Smith, M.2
  • 51
    • 34247845022 scopus 로고
    • Geology and submarine physiography of Amchitka Island, Alaska
    • Powers, H. A., Coats, R. R., & Nelson, W. H. (1960). Geology and submarine physiography of Amchitka Island, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey, Bulletin, 1028, 521-554.
    • (1960) U.S. Geological Survey, Bulletin , vol.1028 , pp. 521-554
    • Powers, H.A.1    Coats, R.R.2    Nelson, W.H.3
  • 52
    • 0001720192 scopus 로고
    • Chelation of divalent metal ions by brown algal polyphenols
    • Ragan, M. A., Smidsrod, O., & Larsen, B. (1979). Chelation of divalent metal ions by brown algal polyphenols. Marine Chemistry, 7, 265-271.
    • (1979) Marine Chemistry , vol.7 , pp. 265-271
    • Ragan, M.A.1    Smidsrod, O.2    Larsen, B.3
  • 55
    • 0034991373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elemental concentrations in different species of seaweeds from Loreto Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico: Implications for the geochemical control of metals in algal tissue
    • Sanchez-Rodriguez, I., Huerta-Diaz, M. A., Choumiline, E., Holguin-Quinones, O., & Zertuche-Gonzalez, J. A. (2001). Elemental concentrations in different species of seaweeds from Loreto Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico: Implications for the geochemical control of metals in algal tissue. Environmental Pollution, 114, 145-160.
    • (2001) Environmental Pollution , vol.114 , pp. 145-160
    • Sanchez-Rodriguez, I.1    Huerta-Diaz, M.A.2    Choumiline, E.3    Holguin-Quinones, O.4    Zertuche-Gonzalez, J.A.5
  • 56
    • 0345369490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioaccumulation of Hg, Cd. Pb, and Zn in four marine phanerogams and the alga Caulerpa prolilfera (Foersskal) Lamouroux from the east coast of Spain
    • Sanchiz, G., Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M., & Pastor, A. (1999). Bioaccumulation of Hg, Cd. Pb, and Zn in four marine phanerogams and the alga Caulerpa prolilfera (Foersskal) Lamouroux from the east coast of Spain. Botanica Marina, 42, 157-164.
    • (1999) Botanica Marina , vol.42 , pp. 157-164
    • Sanchiz, G.1    Garcia-Carrascosa, A.M.2    Pastor, A.3
  • 57
    • 0023882028 scopus 로고
    • Selected metal levels of commercially valuable seaweeds adjacent to and distant from point sources of contamination in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
    • Sharp, G. J., Samant, H. S., & Vaidya, O. C. (1988). Selected metal levels of commercially valuable seaweeds adjacent to and distant from point sources of contamination in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 40, 724-730.
    • (1988) Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , vol.40 , pp. 724-730
    • Sharp, G.J.1    Samant, H.S.2    Vaidya, O.C.3
  • 58
    • 0025921439 scopus 로고
    • Metal bioavailability and toxicity to fish in low alkalinity lakes: A critical review
    • Spry D. J., & Wiener, G. (1991). Metal bioavailability and toxicity to fish in low alkalinity lakes: A critical review. Environmental Pollution, 71, 243-304.
    • (1991) Environmental Pollution , vol.71 , pp. 243-304
    • Spry, D.J.1    Wiener, G.2
  • 59
    • 0004282518 scopus 로고
    • Statistical Analysis System (SAS). Cary S NC: Statistical Institute, Inc
    • Statistical Analysis System (SAS). 1995. SAS Users' Guide, Cary S NC: Statistical Institute, Inc.
    • (1995) SAS Users' Guide
  • 62
    • 4243670660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations in neurobehavioral responses in fishes exposed to lead and lead-chelating agents
    • Weber, D. N., & Dingel, W. M. (1997). Alterations in neurobehavioral responses in fishes exposed to lead and lead-chelating agents. American Zoologist, 37, 354-362.
    • (1997) American Zoologist , vol.37 , pp. 354-362
    • Weber, D.N.1    Dingel, W.M.2
  • 63
    • 0029565973 scopus 로고
    • Determination of metals and metal fluxes in algae and fungi
    • White, C., & Gadd, G. M. (1995). Determination of metals and metal fluxes in algae and fungi. Science of the Total Environment, 176, 107-115.
    • (1995) Science of the Total Environment , vol.176 , pp. 107-115
    • White, C.1    Gadd, G.M.2
  • 64
    • 0003044011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicological significance of mercury in freshwater fish
    • In W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, & A. W. Redmon-Norwood (Eds.), Boca Raton, Florida: SETAC, Lewis
    • Wiener, J. G., & Spry, D. J. (1996). Toxicological significance of mercury in freshwater fish. In W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, & A. W. Redmon-Norwood (Eds.), Environmental contaminants in wildlife: Interpreting tissue concentrations. Boca Raton, Florida: SETAC, Lewis.
    • (1996) Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations
    • Wiener, J.G.1    Spry, D.J.2
  • 65
    • 34247898293 scopus 로고
    • IPCS-Methylmercury
    • World Health Organization (WHO)
    • World Health Organization (WHO) (1990). IPCS-Methylmercury. Environmental Health Criteria, 101.
    • (1990) Environmental Health Criteria , pp. 101
  • 66
    • 34247843451 scopus 로고
    • IPCS-Inorganicmercury
    • World Health Organization (WHO)
    • World Health Organization (WHO) (1991). IPCS-Inorganicmercury. Environmental Health Criteria, 118.
    • (1991) Environmental Health Criteria , pp. 118
  • 67
    • 84972348119 scopus 로고
    • The transfer of Zn65 and Fe59 along a Fucus serratus (L.) to Littorina obtusata (L.) food chain
    • Young, M. L. (1975). The transfer of Zn65 and Fe59 along a Fucus serratus (L.) to Littorina obtusata (L.) food chain. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 55, 583-610.
    • (1975) Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , vol.55 , pp. 583-610
    • Young, M.L.1
  • 68
    • 21244501197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How we got here: Why the Amchitka site was chosen and what tests were conducted
    • In CRESP-University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska
    • Younker, L. (2002). How we got here: Why the Amchitka site was chosen and what tests were conducted. In Proceedings of the Amchitka Island long-term stewardship workshop. CRESP-University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska.
    • (2002) Proceedings of the Amchitka Island Long-term Stewardship Workshop
    • Younker, L.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.