Segregation, racism and white women reformers: A transnational analysis, 1840-1912

Women's History Review

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 5-26

  Holton, Sandra Stanley ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 34247747294     PISSN: 09612025     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09612020100200275     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Paul Gilroy (1993) argues the insufficiency of a purely national focus for historians, and the need to recognise 'the decidedly transnational character of modes of production, social movements and international exchanges' in his The Black Atlantic: modernity and double consciousness, p. 15 (London: Verso)
2. See also, Clare Midgley (1995) Ethnicity, 'Race' and Empire, in June Purvis (Ed.) Women's History Britain, 1850-1945, pp. 247-276, esp. p. 267 (London: UCL Press).The value of a transnational perspective has been demonstrated over the past decade in a number of major studies, for example, Ian Tyrrell (1991) Woman's World, Woman's Empire: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in international perspective, 1880-1930 (Chapel Hill: North Carolina University Press)
3. David M. Fahey (1996) Temperance and Racism: John Bull, Johnny Reb, and the Good Templars (Lexington: Kentucky University Press)
4. Leila J. Rupp (1997) Worlds of Women: the making of the international women's movement (Princeton: Princeton University Press)
5. I examine the role of this kinship network in the suffrage movement in: Sandra Stanley Holton (1994) From Anti-slavery to Suffrage Militancy: the Bright circle, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the British women's movement, in Caroline Daley & Melanie Nolan (Eds) Suffrage and Beyond: international feminist perspectives, pp. 213-233 (Auckland: Auckland University Press)
6. - (1994) 'To Educate Women into Rebellion': Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the creation of a transatlantic network of Radical suffragists, American Historical Review, 99, pp. 1113-1136
7. and (1996) Suffrage Days: stories from the women's suffrage movement, esp. pp. 61-77, 162-163 (London: Routledge)
8. On the Bright circle and the temperance movement, see Margaret Barrow (2000) Teetotal Feminists: temperance leadership and the campaign for women's suffrage, in Claire Eustance, Joan Ryan & Laura Ugolini (Eds) A Suffrage Reader: charting directions in British suffrage history, pp. 69-89 (London: Leicester University Press)
9. On Catherine Impey, see Vron Ware (1992) Beyond the Pale: white women, racism and history (London: Verso); Fahey, Temperance and Racism
10. Clare Midgley (1992) Women against Slavery: the British campaigns, 1780-1870, esp. pp. 154-177 (London: Routledge)
11. See the discussion in Kumari Jayawardena (1995) The White Woman's Other Burden: Western women and South Asia during British rule (London: Routledge), esp. pp. 1-18, which (p. 2) urges the need to move discussion beyond what Romila Tharper has termed 'the polemics of the colonial age'
12. On John Blight's contribution toward buying the freedom of Frederick Douglass, see Alfreda M. Duster (Ed.) (1970) Crusade for Justice. The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells, p. 162 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press)
13. See, for example, John Bright on the Indian Revolt, in James E. Thorold Rogers (Ed.) (1869, 2nd edn) Speeches on Questions of Public Policy by John Bright, M.P. (London: Macmillan and Co., 2 vols), 1, p. 55
14. Catherine Hall (1993) 'From Greenland's Icy Mountains ... to Afric's Golden Sand': ethnicity, race and nation in mid-nineteenth-century England, Gender and History, 5, pp. 212-230, esp. p. 227
15. Antoinette Burton (1994) Burdens of History: British feminists, Indian women and imperial culture (Chapel Hill: North Carolina University Press)
16. Clare Midgley (1998) Anti-slavery and Roots of imperial Feminism', in Clare Midgley (Ed.) Gender and Imperialism, pp. 161-179 (Manchester: Manchester University Press)
17. Priscilla Bright to Margaret [Priestman] Wheeler, 20 October 1846, Box 34, MP; Hall, 'From Greenland's Icy Mountains', p. 228
18. For biographical details, see Sarah Parker Remond's account of herself (c. 1860), in Matthew Davenport Hill (Ed.) Our Exemplars; or biographical sketches of men and women who have benefited their fellow-creatures, pp. 276-286 (London: James Blackwood & Co.)
19. Bert James Loewenberg & Ruth Bogin (Eds) (1976) Black Women in Nineteenth-century American Life: their words, their thoughts, their feelings, pp. 222-233 (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press)
20. For her role in the British abolition and women's rights movements, see Louis Billington & Rosamund Billington (1987) 'A Burning Zeal for Righteousness': women in the British anti-slavery movement, 1820-1860, in Jane Rendall (Ed.) Equal or Different, pp. 82-111, esp. pp. 106-107, 259 n. 113 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell)
21. On the competing discourses, for example, around the Jamaica Revolt, and the gendered dimension of these discourses, see Catherine Hall (1992) Competing Masculinities: Thomas Carlyle, John Stuart Mill and the case of Governor Eyre, in her White, Male and Middle-Class, pp. 255-295 (Oxford: Polity Press)
22. See the discussion in Gilroy, Black Atlantic, pp. 87-93, and Peter Fryer (1984) Staying Power: the history of black people in Britain, pp. 440-441 (London: Pluto)
23. On 'scientific' racism, see Christine Bolt (1971) Victorian Attitudes to Race, esp. pp. 1-28 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul)
24. Midgley, Women against Slavery, p. 102, and see also pp. 204-205
25. For Ida B. Wells's first-hand account, see Duster, Crusade for Justice, pp. 103-113
26. Compare Ware, Beyond the Pale, pp. 184-190
27. Anti-Caste, March 1888, p. 1
28. Fahey, Temperance and Racism, pp. 120, 139-145
29. Anti-Caste, April 1891, p. 4. Significantly, she admitted that after seeking 'a good searching definition of caste', she continued to find her own formulation 'too vague'
30. Anti-Caste, May/June 1893. On Celestine Edwards, see Ware, Beyond the Pale, pp. 192-193
31. Fraternity, August 1893; March 1894
32. Anti-Caste, January 1895, March 1895, April-May 1895
33. Tyrrell, Woman's World, pp. 185, 341, n. 73, Ware, Beyond the Pale, pp. 198-205
34. Compare with the later case of the relationship between the wealthy socialite and radical, Nancy Cunard, and the African-American composer, Henry Crowder, discussed in Barbara Bush (1998) 'Britain's Conscience on Africa': white women, race and imperial politics in inter-war Britain, in Midgley, Gender and Imperialism, pp. 200-223, esp. p. 217
35. My thinking in what follows has also been greatly helped by reading Angela Woollacott (1997) 'All this is the Empire, I Told Myself: Australian women's voyages 'home' and the articulation of colonial whiteness, American Historical Review, 102, pp. 1003-1029, esp. pp. 1004-1008
36. See also, Sara Mills (1991) Discourses of Difference: an analysis of women's travel writing and colonialism (London: Routledge)
37. Fryer, Staying Power, p. 236
38. James Walvin (1973) Black and White: the Negro in English society, 1500-1900, pp. 189-202 (London: Allen Lane Penguin Press)
39. See Kathryn Kish Sklar (1990) 'Women Who Speak for an Entire Nation': American and British women compared at the World Anti-Slavery Convention, London, 1840, Pacific Historical Review, 59, pp. 453-499, for a comparative analysis of the distinct political cultures in which US and British abolitionists had to campaign
40. Little has been published on anti-colonial activism within Britain; see Bush, 'Britain's Conscience on Africa', p. 201. This article also examines in part the 'matemalist' legacy of abolitionism for white women reformers in the inter-war period
41. D.D.T. Jabavu (1922) The Life of John Tengo Jabavu, Editor of lmvo Zabantsundu, 1864-1921 (Lovedale: Lovedale Institution Press)
42. For D.D.T. Jabavu's visit to Tuskegee, his report to the South African Native Affairs department, and his adoption of position distinct from that of Booker T. Washington, see Catherine Higgs (1997) The Ghost of Equality: The public lives ofD.D.T. Jabavu of South Africa, 1885-1959, pp. 22-28 (Athens: Ohio University Press)