'Degrees of foreignness' and the construction of identity in French border regions during the interwar period

Contemporary European History

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 51-71

  Lawrence, Paul ^a   Baycroft, Timothy ^a   Grohmann, Carolyn ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34247729850     PISSN: 09607773     EISSN: 14692171     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0960777301001035     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernisation of Rural France 1870-1914 (London: Chatto & Windus, 1979)
2. See also Jack Hayward, The One and Indivisible French Republic (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973)
3. See, for example, Caroline Ford, Creating the Nation in Provincial France: Religion and Political Identity in Brittany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993)
4. Barnett Singer, Village Notables in Nineteenth-Century France: Priests, Mayors, Schoolmasters (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983)
5. James R. Lehning, Peasant and French: Cultural Contact in Rural France During the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)
6. and Timothy Baycroft, 'Changing Identities in the Franco-Belgian Borderland in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries', French History, Vol. 13, No. 4 (December 1999), 417-38
7. Peter Sahlins, 'The Nation in the Village: State-Building and Communal Struggles in the Catalan Borderland during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries' Journal of Modern History, 60 (June 1988), 234-63
8. See also Sahlins, Boundaries. The making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989)
9. For a general analysis of these trends see Jeanne Singer-Kérel, 'Foreign workers in France, 1891-1936', Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 14, No. 3 (July 1991), 279-93
10. See also Gary S. Cross, 'To Assimilate or Regulate: French Immigration Policy in the 1920s', Journal of Ethnic Studies, Vol. 10, No. 3 (1982), 1-20
11. and Cross, Immigrant Workers in Industrial France (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983)
12. See, for example, Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (London: Harvard University Press, 1994)
13. and Anthony Smith, National Identity (London: Penguin, 1991), 99-142
14. For an analysis of such perceptions, see William Schneider, 'Hérédité, Sang et Opposition à l'immigration dans la France des Années Trente', Ethnologie Française, Vol. 24, No. 1 (1994), 104-17
15. For contemporary views on the assimilation qualities of specific nationalities see, inter alia, Georges Mauco, Les Etrangers en France. Leur rôle dans l'activité économique (Paris: Colin, 1932), 550
16. See Ralph Schor, L'Opinion Française et les Etrangers, 1919-1939 (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1985)
17. Pierre George, 'L'Immigration Italienne en France de 1920 à 1939: Aspects Démographiques et Sociaux', in Milza ed., Les Italiens en France de 1914 à 1940 (Paris: de Bocard, 1986), 49
18. Ibid
19. Schor, L'Opiiiion Franca̧ise, 440
20. See Jean-Charles Bonnet, 'Naturalisations et révisions de naturalisations de 1927 à 1944: L'exemple du Rhône', Le Mouvement Social, No. 98 (1977), 44-75
21. e siècle (Paris: Hachette, 1992), 70
22. See Robert J. Young, 'French Military Intelligence and the Franco-Italian Alliance, 1933-1939', The Historical Joural, 28 (1985), 143-169
23. For further details of French military fortifications, see Adamthwaite, Grandeur and Misery, 150
24. See Michael Miller, Shanghai on the Métro. Spies, Intrigue and the French between the wars (Berkeley, London: University of California Press, 1994)
25. See J. Dewachter, 'Le recul du Flamand dans le Nord de la France depuis 1806', ler Congrès International de Géographie Historique. Tome II Mémoires (Bruxelles, 1931), 89-98
26. For information on cross-border marriages and contact see Yola Verhasselt, Frank Logie and Bernadette Mergaerts, 'Espace géographique et formes de sociabilité: quatre exemples de régions frontalières', Revue de Nord (RN) LXIV, No 253 (avril-juin 1982), 581-602
27. See Gérard Noiriel The French Melting Pot: Immigration, Citizenship, and National Identity, trans. Geoffroy de Laforcade (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), 192
28. See F. Lentacker, 'Les frontaliers beiges travaillant en France: Caractères et fluctuations d'un courant de main d'oeuvre', RN, XXXII (1950), 130-44
29. Luc Schepens, 'Emigration saisonnière et émigration définitive en Flandre occidentale au XIXe siècle', RN, LVI (1974), 429
30. Lentacker, 'Les frontaliers beiges', 137
31. and Schepens, 'Emigration saisonnière', 429
32. See Carl Strikwerda, 'Regionalism and Internationalism: The Working-Class Movement in the Nord and the Belgian Connection 1871-1914', in Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, Vol. 12 (1984), 221-30
33. See also A Lorbert, La France an travail: La région du Nord (Nord- Pas-de-Calais - Somme - Aisne) (Paris: éditions Pierre Roger, 1927), on Franco-Belgian friendly relations
34. See Verhasselt et al., 'Espace géographique', 593
35. See Albert Deveyer, La Flandre d'autrefois (Dunkerque: Westhoek-Editions, 1985), 127-37
36. See Noiriel, The French Melting Pot
37. See Christiane Rolland-May, 'Les espaces géographiques flous', Ph.D. dissertation, Metz, 1984
38. François Roth, 'Les relations économiques entre la Lorraine et le territoire de la Sarre, 1918-1935', in Revue d'Allemagne (October-December, 1993), 507-22, 521
39. Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood, Ch. 5, passim
40. For a recent discussion of this issue in Alsace see David Allen Harvey, 'Lost Children or Enemy Aliens? Classifying the Population of Alsace after the First World War', Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 34, No. 4 (October 1999), 537-54
41. Le Messin, 2 May 1919, quoted in Pierre Brasme, 'Expulsions et Rapatriements d'Allemands de Moselle au lendemain de la Première Guerre Mondiale (1918-1921)', Bulletin de liaison de l'association nationale de la bataille de Verdun et de la sauvegarde de ses hauts lieux, No. 18 (1991), 53-59
42. ADM, 320 M 50. Report to the commissaire central in Metz of 14 June 1925
43. Annuaire Statistique (Bas-Rhin, Haut-Rhin, Moselle). Premier volume - 1919 à 1931, 'Manages entre Français et étrangers suivant la nationalité des étrangers', 55
44. Château de Vincennes, 6 N 154
45. Pierre Barral, L'ésprit lorrain: Cet accent singulier du patriotisme français (Nancy: Presses universitaires de Nancy, 1989), 175
46. Quoted in René Weiss, Le Premier Voyage Officiel en Alsace-Lorraine Française, 8, 9, 10 Décembre 1918 (Paris, 1919), 37
47. Annuaire Statistique Premier volume, 1919 à 1931, 39
48. See Smith, National Identity, 4
49. See Hugh Clout, 'Rural Revival: the recovery of the Moselle after World War I', Modern and Contemporary France, NS2, 4 (1994). 395-403