Terrorism in South Asia: The changing trends

South Asia: Journal of South Asia Studies

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 7-24

  Kumaraswamy, P R ^a  

^a JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PEACE PROCESS; POLITICAL VIOLENCE; TERRORISM;

ASIA; EURASIA; SOUTHEAST ASIA;

EID: 34247643134     PISSN: 00856401     EISSN: 14790270     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00856400701264019     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. The author is grateful to D. Shyam Babu for his valuable and critical comments.
2. See for example Kanti Bajpai, Roots of Terrorism (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2002).
3. Robert Rotberg, Creating Peace in Sri Lanka: Civil War and Reconciliation (Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999).
4. Bajpai, Roots of Terrorism, p.15.
5. For more on the different definitions of terrorism, see Boaz Ganor, 'Defining Terrorism: Is One Man's Terrorist Another Man's Freedom Fighter?' [http://www.ict.org.il/articles/define.html].
6. Government of India, Documents of the Gathering of the Non-Aligned Countries, 1961-79 (New Delhi: Ministry of External Affairs, 1981), p.203. Even though Pakistan was not a member of the Non-Aligned Movement at that time, its position was not different.
7. See for example 'RAW camps in Balochistan', The Dawn(Karachi) (31 August 2004).
8. The in-camera testimony of witnesses before the Jain Commission that examined the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi provided more substantial evidence about the extent of Indian involvement in providing military training to Tamil groups. During the tenure of Indira Gandhi, the intelligence agency Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) selected and trained Sri Lankan Tamils in the use of modern arms in camps organised in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, New Delhi and elsewhere. The idea was that the Sri Lankan Tamils would be sent back to northern Sri Lanka to engage Sri Lankan troops in guerrilla warfare. Even the relevant state governments were kept in the dark about this top-secret operation. See Coomi Kapoor, 'Uppermost in our Minds was to Save the Gandhis' Name', The Indian Express (12 December 1997) [http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19971212/34650923.html].
9. See T.S. Subramanian, 'Full of Holes', in Frontline, Vol.14, no.24 (29 Nov.-12 Dec. 1997) [http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1424/14240260.htm].
10. See also RohanGunaratna, 'International and Regional Implications of the Sri Lankan Tamil Insurgency', Institute for Counter-Terrorism (2 Dec. 1998) [http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=57].
11. J.N. Dixit, Assignment Colombo (New Delhi: Konark, 1998), p.232.
12. See also Growth of Sri Lankan Tamil Militancy in Tamil Nadu, Chapter 1 Phase-II (1987-88), Jain Commission Interim Report [www.tamilnation.org].
13. 'Lift the Ban on LTTE: Tirumavalavan', The Hindu (9 June 2004).
14. These statements were made at a public rally on 29 June 2002, and resulted in his arrest by the Tamil Nadu government.
15. Subir Bhoumik, Insurgent Crossfire: North-East India (New Delhi: Lancer, 1996), p.272.
16. Ibid.
17. See also Sanjoy Hazarka, Rites of Passage: Border Crossings, Imagined Homelands, India's East and Bangladesh (New Delhi: Penguin, 2000), p.89.
18. Chittagong Hill Tracts Treaty, 1997 [http://www.satp.org/ satporgtp/countries/bangladesh/document/actandordinances/CHT1990.htm].
19. 'Protest Against Bid to Stifle Democracy', The Hindu (13 Feb. 2006).
20. percent were security personnel and the remaining 46.1 percent were militants. See 'Jammu and Kashmir: Backgrounder' [www.ict.org.il/ articles/backgrounder_j_k.htm].
21. See for example K. Santhanam, Sreedhar, Sudhir Saxena, and Manish, Jihadis in Jammu and Kashmir: A Portrait Gallery(New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2003).
22. '"Jihad" in Kashmir is not Terrorism: Musharraf', The Hindu (5 Feb. 2000).
23. K. Subrahmanyam, then the director of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA) who was also a passenger, provided a first-person account of the hijack drama. These articles appeared in the Indian Express between 28 and 31 August 1984.
24. For a detailed discussion see Peter R. Lavoy, 'Pakistan's Kashmir Policy after the Bush Visit to South Asia', in Strategic Insights, Vol.4, no.4 (April 2006) [http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/2006/Apr/ lavoyApr06.asp].
25. D. Shyam Babu, 'Detente in South Asia: Euphoria needs Caution', Power and Interest News Report (2 May 2005) [http://www.pinr.com/ report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=292&language_id=1].
26. Press Release, Border Security Force, 'India-Bangladesh Border Coordination Conference Concludes: Joint Record of Discussions Signed' (New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs, 30 Sept. 2005) [http://bsf.nic.in/ press/pr49.htm].
27. They were identified as the Surma International, Hotel Mahammadia and Hotel Padma International in Dhaka, Hotel Keya International and Hotel Yamuna in Sylhet, and Hotel Basundhara and Hotel Raj King in Chittagong. Indian Express (4 June 2005). The Border Security Force also alleged that it had identified three bank accounts operated by the ULFA in Bangladesh and that the militant outfit was running a number of nursing homes in Bangladesh. This charge, however, was quickly denied by Bangladesh. See The Daily Star (5 June 2005) and The Hindu(6 June 2005).
28. Jaideep Saikia, Contours: Essays on Security and Strategy, Ch.2, 'Swadhin Asom or Brihot Bangladesh' (Urbana- Champaign: Arms Control, Disarmament and International Security (ACDIS), University of Illinois, 2001) [http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/Research/OPs/Saikia/contents/ chap_two.html].
29. James Manor, 'Collective Conflict in India', in Conflict Studies, No.212 (June 1988), p.14.
30. Bhavna Vij, 'Rewind to '89: Govt. Crawled when Militants asked it to Bend', Indian Express(15 Oct. 2001).
31. Since 1989, for example, as many as 21 foreigners have been kidnapped by the militants. They were from Britain, France, Germany, Holland, Israel, Japan, Norway, Sweden and the US. The Tribune (Chandigarh) (23 July 1998).
32. However Foreign Minister Jaswant Singh's journey to Kandahar with the three militants provoked strong criticism and disapproval inside the country.
33. Moreover, in October 2003 the then Andra Chief Minister Chandra Babu Naidu narrowly escaped a Naxalite attack in the temple town of Tirupati.
34. Awami League, 'Growing Fanaticism & Extremism in Bangladesh: Shades of the Taliban' [http://www.albd.org/aldoc/growing/ growing.fanaticism.pdf].
35. While the Jamaatul-Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB) and Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh (JMJB) were banned in Feb. 2005, the Harakat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami (HUJI) was proscribed only on 17 October 2005.
36. Following a series of bomb blasts, The Daily Star carried a series of articles on the militancy politician nexus between 22 and 24 August 2005.
37. Prominent BJP leaders including L.K. Advani, who later became the deputy prime minister, are still facing criminal trial for their alleged involvement in the destruction of the mosque.
38. For an account of Operation Blue Star, see Mark Tully and Satish Jacob, Amritsar: Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle (London: Macmillan, 1986).
39. 'Text of Speech by Gen. Pervez Musharraf' [http://www.chowk.com/ show_article.cgi?aid=00000669&channel=civic%20center].
40. Sreeradha Datta, 'Post Election Hindu-Muslim Violence in Bangladesh', in Strategic Analysis, Vol.26, no.2 (April-June 2002), pp.316-21.
41. Meghna Guhathakurta, 'Assault on Minorities in Bangladesh: An Analysis' [http://www.meghbarta.net/2002/january/minor.html#minor1].
42. For a detailed discussion, see Yohanan Friedmann, Prophecy Continues: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and its Medieval Background (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
43. Human Rights Watch, Breach of Faith: Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Bangladesh (New York: Human Rights Watch, June 2005) [http://hrw.org/reports/2005/bangladesh0605/bangladesh0605.pdf, accessed 26 February 2006].
44. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Department of State, 'International Religious Freedom 2004' [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/ irf/2004/, accessed 18 May 2004].
45. Jeyaraja Tambiah, Buddhism Betrayed? Religion, Politics and Violence in Sri Lanka (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).