Military activities and the protection of the environment

Environmental Policy and Law

Volumn 37, Issue 2-3, 2007, Pages 232-238

  Bothe, Michael ^a  

^a GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; MILITARY INTERVENTION;

EID: 34247639601     PISSN: 0378777X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (40)

1. Waldemar Solf, in: Michael Bothe/Karl Josef Partsch/Waldemar A. Solf (eds), New Rules for Victims of Armed Conflicts. Commentary on the Two 1977 Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949, 1982, p. 344: Proposals to this effect were made by Eastern European States (Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary), but also by Australia.
2. Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques, 17 May 1977.
3. See Burns H. Westing (ed.), Herbicides in War. The Long-term Ecological and Human Consequences, 1984, passim.
4. Westing (ed.), op. cit. (note 3), pp. 109 et seq.
5. SIPRI, Warfare in a Fragile World. Military Impact on the Human Environment, 1980, p. 79.
6. Solf, op. cit., p. 346.
7. Solf, op. cit., p. 348.
8. Solf, op. cit., p. 347.
9. Resolution 687 of 3 April 1991. For more details, see section 5.2.
10. Protection of the environment in times of armed conflict. Report submitted by the ICRC to the 47th session of the United Nations General Assembly, available at the website of the ICRC, http://www.icrc.org.
11. Richard A. Grunawalt/John E. King/Ronald S. McClain (eds), "Protection of the Environment during Armed Conflict", US Naval War College International Law Studies, vol. 69 (1996).
12. Jay E. Austin/Carl Bruch (eds), The Environmental Consequences of War Cambridge, 2000.
13. GA Decision 46/417 of 9 Dec. 1991.
14. GA Res. 48/30 of 30 Dec. 1993.
15. GA Res. 49/50 of 9 Dec. 1994.
16. Reproduced in 89 AJIL 641 (1995).
17. For a critique see Bothe, 90 AJIL 76 (1996).
18. Arthur H Westing, In furtherance of environmental guidelines for armed forces during peace and war, in: Austin/Bruch (eds), op. cit. (note 12), pp. 171 et seq.
19. See section 5.6.
20. See UN Doc. UNEP/GC.22/2/Add.7, Report of the Executive Director, State of the Global Environment and contribution of the United Nations Environment Programme to Efforts to Address Environmental Challenges, Addendum, Post-conflict environmental assessments.
21. Information is available on the PCAU website, http://postconflict.unep.ch/.
22. On the aerial surveillance of the oil spill in front of the coast of Lebanon and Syria, see UNEP press release 2006/42, available at the UNEP website.
23. SC Resolution 687 (1991) of 3 April 1991.
24. To assist the work of the UNCC in the field of environmental damage, UNEP established a working group of experts which submitted a number of conclusions on such problems as the applicable law, the definition and valuation of environmental damage and depletion of natural resources. Alexandre Timoshenko (ed.), Liability and Compensation for Environmental Damage, UNEP, 1998.
25. Michael Bothe, "Other relevant Rules of International Law" under Article 31 of the Provisional Rules for Claims Procedure, in: Timoshenko (ed.) (see note 24), p. 63 et seq.
26. UN Doc. S/AC.26/2005/10, see http://www2.unog.ch/uncc/reports/r05-10.pdf.
27. Ibid paragraph 43.
28. Ibid paragraph 81.
29. Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Committee Established to Review the NATO Bombing Campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 8 June 2000, 39 ILM 1257 (2000).
30. Paras 14 et seq. of the Report.
31. See above sec. 1, text accompanying note 7.
32. Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission, Partial Award "Western Front, Aerial Bombardment and Related Claims, Eritrea's claims 1, 3, 5, 9-13, 14, 21, 25 & 26", available at the PCA's website.
33. This is relevant because Eritrea is not a party to the Additional Protocols.
34. See above, text accompanying note 29.
35. International Committee of the Red Cross, Customary International Humanitarian Law, 2005 (Jean-Marie Henckaerts/Louise Doswald-Beck (eds)).
36. Op. cit., vol. 1, p. 150.
37. Op. cit., p. 157.
38. Resolution 56/4 of 5 November 2001.
39. See the resolutions and recommendations quoted supra sec. 3.
40. International Law Commission, 58th session, Second report on the effects of armed conflicts on treaties, Ian Brownlie, Special Rapporteur, UN Doc. A/CN.4/570.