Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes in four sub-tropical estuaries of northern KwaZulu-Natal: Case studies in the application of a mass balance approach

Water SA

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 203-214

  Wepener, V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG   (South Africa)

Author keywords

KwaZulu Natal estuaries; LOICZ biogeochemical model; Nutrient fluxes; Water quality category

Indexed keywords

CONCENTRATION (PROCESS); ECOSYSTEMS; NITROGEN; NUTRIENTS; PHOSPHATES; WATER QUALITY;

KWAZULU-NATAL ESTUARIES; LOICZ BIOGEOCHEMICAL MODEL; NUTRIENT FLUXES; WATER QUALITY CATEGORY;

WATER ANALYSIS;

CONCENTRATION (PROCESS); ECOSYSTEMS; NITROGEN; NUTRIENTS; PHOSPHATES; WATER ANALYSIS; WATER QUALITY;

BIOMONITORING; CARBON FLUX; DISSOLVED INORGANIC NITROGEN; ECOLOGICAL STABILITY; ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT; MASS BALANCE; NUTRIENT BUDGET; PHOSPHORUS; SOURCE-SINK DYNAMICS; STEADY-STATE EQUILIBRIUM; SUBTROPICAL REGION; WATER COLUMN; WATER QUALITY;

AFRICA; KWAZULU-NATAL; MHLATHUZE ESTUARY; MVOTI ESTUARY; NHLABANE ESTUARY; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; THUKELA ESTUARY;

EID: 34247592294     PISSN: 03784738     EISSN: 18167950     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. ALLANSON BR (2001) Some factors governing the water quality of micro-tidal estuaries in South Africa. Water SA 27 (3) 373-386.
2. ALLANSON BR and WINTER PED (1999) Chemistry. In: Allanson BR and Baird D (eds.) Estuaries of South Africa. Cambridge Univ. Press. 53-90.
3. ANZECC (2000) Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality. Vol. 1: The Guidelines. Paper 4. Australia and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand, Canberra, Australia.
4. ARCHIBALD CGM (1998a) Estuarine Flow Requirements of the Thukela River: Water Quality Issues. CSIR Report ECP-6000/6E03/ JEA12/020. Durban, South Africa.
5. ARCHIBALD CGM (1998b) Protection of Lake Mzingazi from Pollution. Status Report for 1997/1998. CSIR, Durban.
6. ATKINSON MJ and SMITH SV (1983) C: N: P ratios of benthic marine plants. Limnol. Oceanogr. 28 568-574.
7. BEGG GW (1984) The Estuaries of Natal, Part II. Natal Town and Regional Planning Report No. 55, Pietermaritzburg.
8. BEGG GW (1978) The Estuaries of Natal. Natal Town and Regional Planning Report No. 14. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
9. CLEAN STREAM (2000) Iscor Heavy Minerals Project: KwaZulu-Natal. Integrated Biological, Water quality, Water quantity and Statistical Evaluation Report: Second Quarter 2000. Clean Stream Environmental Services, Pretoria, South Africa.
10. COOKS J and BEWSHER P (1993) Environmental reaction to human intervention in the Mhlathuze River Estuary, Richards Bay, South Africa. Geoökodynamik 14 61-74.
11. CYRUS DP, WEPENER V, MACKAY CF, VOS PM, VILJOEN A and WEERTS SP (2000) Effects of Inter-Basin Water Transfer on the Hydrochemistry, Benthic Invertebrates and Ichthyofauna of the Mhlathuze Estuary and Lake Nseze. WRC Report No. K2/720. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.
12. DAVIES BR and SNADDON K (2000) Ecological Effects of Interbasin Water Transfer Schemes in Dryland Environments. WRC Report No. K5/665. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
13. DODD N (1994) On the destabilization of a longshore current of a plane beach: bottom shear stress, critical conditions, and onset of instability. J. Geophys. Res. 99 (C1) 811-824.
14. DUPRA V, SMITH SV, DAVIDS LT, WALDRON H, MARSHALL CROSSLAND JI and CROSSLAND CJ (2002) Estuarine Systems of Africa (Regional Workshop II): Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fluxes. LOICZ Reports and Studies 20, LOICZ, Texel. The Netherlands. 81 pp.
15. DUPRA V, SMITH SV, MARSHALL CROSSLAND, JI and CROSSLAND CJ (2000a) Estuarine Systems of the South American Region: Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fluxes. LOICZ Reports and Studies 15, LOICZ, Texel, The Netherlands. 87 pp.
16. DUPRA V, SMITH SV, MARSHALL CROSSLAND, JI and CROSSLAND CJ (2000b) Estuarine Systems of the South China Sea Region: Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fluxes. LOICZ Reports and Studies 14, LOICZ, Texel, The Netherlands. 156 pp.
17. DWAF (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry) (1999) Methodology for Preliminary Determination of the Ecological Reserve. Institute for Water Quality Studies, Pretoria.
18. EKHOLM P, MALVE O and KIRKKALA T (1997) Internal and external loading as regulators of nutrient concentrations in the agriculturally loaded Lake Pyhajarvi. Hydrobiol. 345 (1) 3-14.
19. ERFTEMEIJER PLA and MIDDLEBURG JJ (1995) Mass balance constraints on nutrient cycling in tropical seagrass beds. Aquat. Bot. 50 21-36.
20. GORDON JR, DC, BOUDREAU PR, MANN KH, ONG J-E, SILVERT WL, SMITH SV, WATTAYAKORN G, WULFF F and YANAGI T (1996) LOICZ Biogeochemical Modelling Guidelines. LOICZ Reports and Studies No 5. 1-96.
21. GROBBELAAR J U (1992) Nutrients versus physical factors determining primary productivity of waters with high inorganic turbidity. Hydrobiol. 238 177-182.
22. HARRISON TD, COOPER JAG and RAMM AEL (2000) Geomorphology, Ichthyofauna, Water Quality and Aesthetics of South African Estuaries. Report No. ENV-DC 2000-01. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria, South Africa.
23. KEMPER N (1999) Nhlabane Lake Water Level Requirements: An Initial Assessment. Mhlathuze Ecological Reserve Study, IWR Environmental.
24. KLEYNHANS CJ, LOUW MD, THIRION C, ROSSOUW NJ and ROWNTREE K (2005) River EcoClassification: Manual for EcoStatus Determination (Version 1). Joint Water Research Commission and Department of Water Affairs and Forestry report. WRC Report No. KV 168/05. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.
25. LOUW D (1998) Mhlathuze Ecological (Quantity) Reserve Study IFR. Unpublished Starter Document for IFR Specialist Meeting held in Mtunzini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 26-30 October 1998.
26. MACKAY CF, WEERTS SP and CYRUS DP (2000) High and Low Flow Survey of the Lower Mvoti River and Estuary: Preliminary Results of High Flow Survey. CRUZ Investigational Report No. 88: 1-21.
27. MONTEIRA PMS (2006) Perspectives on the Catchment to Coast programme, its Outputs and Possible Outcomes. Presentation at the Annual Conference of the Southern African Society of Aquatic Scientists, 19-22 June 2006, Maputo, Mozambique.
28. MVOTI IFR STARTER DOCUMENT (1996) Unpublished Report for Instream Flow Requirements Workshop of the Mvoti River, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa.
29. PERNETTA JC and MILLIMAN JD (1995) Land Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone: Implementation Plan. ICGP Change Report No. 33. International Geosphere Biosphere Programme, Stockholm. 215 pp.
30. QUINN N (1999) Nhlabane Estuarine Flow Requirements: An Initial Assessment. Mhlathuze Ecological Reserve Study, IWR Environmental.
31. REDFIELD AC (1934) On the proportions of organic derivatives in sea water and their relation to the composition of plankton. James Johnstone Memorial Volume 177-192.
32. SMITH S (2002) Estuarine systems of Africa (Regional Workshop II): Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes. LOICZ Workshop, September. Simonstown, South Africa.
33. TALJAARD S and SLINGER J (1997) Decision Support Requirements for Estuarine Water Quality Management. CSIR Technical Report, ENV/S - T97001. CSIR, Stellenbosch.
34. VIVIER L, CYRUS DP, JERLING HL and CILLIERS GJ (1998) Effect of the Dredger Crossing on the Nhlabane Estuary - Final Report. CRUZ Investigational Report No. 57: 1-69.
35. WEPENER V and VERMEULEN LA (1999) Comments on the water quality of the Mhlathuze Estuary in relation to determining the ecological integrity class. S. Afr. J. Aquat. Sci. 24 (1/2) 18-27.
36. WHITFIELD AK (1992) A characterisation of southern African estuarine systems. S. Afr. J. Aquat. Sci. 18 (1/2) 89-103.
37. WHITFIELD AK (2000) Available Scientific Information on Individual South African Estuarine Systems. WRC Report No. 577/3/00. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa. 217 pp.
38. YANAGI T (2000a) Coastal Oceanography. Kluwer Publishers, Dortrecht, 162 pp.
39. x from Mixing Equations in a 1-Dimensional, Steady-State System for LOICZ Biogeochemical Modeling. Unpublished LOICZ document. 3 pp.