Supremacy of EC law in the new member states: Bringing parliaments into the Equation of 'Co-operative Constitutionalism'

European Constitutional Law Review

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 25-67

  Albi, Anneli ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENT   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 34247592046     PISSN: 15740196     EISSN: 17445515     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1574019607000259     Document Type: Article

References (254)

1. ECJ, Case 11/70, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v. Einfuhr-und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel [1970] ECR 1125, at 1134.
2. B. De Witte, 'Direct Effect, Supremacy and the Nature of the Legal Order', in P. Craig and G. de Búrca (eds.), The Evolution of EU Law (Oxford, Oxford University Press 1999) p. 177 at p. 199
3. K. Alter, Establishing the Supremacy of European Law. The Making of an International Rule of Law in Europe (Oxford, Oxford University Press 2001) p. 59
4. M. Claes, The National Courts' Mandate in the European Constitution (Oxford, Hart Publishing 2006) p. 207.
5. Solange I, [1974] 37 BverfGE 271 et seq.;
6. Solange II, 73 BverfGE 378.
7. Brunner, BVerfGE 89, 155 (1993) [1994] C.M.L.R., 57-108.
8. Granital, Decision No. 170, 1984.
9. Frontini, Decision No. 183, 1973.
10. Carlsen v. Rasmussen, Judgment of 06.04.1998 [1999] C.M.L.R., 855-862.
11. For a summary of these cases, see De Witte, supra n. 2, p. 199-205.
12. For a comprehensive account and analysis of the relationships between the ECJ and national courts, see Claes, supra n. 2.
13. See, e.g., M. Kumm, 'The Jurisprudence of Constitutional Conflict: Constitutional Supremacy in Europe before and after the Constitutional Treaty', 11 European Law Journal (2005) p. 262.
14. Décision No. 2004-505 DC-19.11.2004, Traité établissant une Constitution pour l'Europe, . For a comment, see, e.g., G. Carcassonne, 'France Conseil Constitutionnel on the European Constitutional Treaty. Decision of 19 November 2004, 2004-505 DC', 1 EuConst (2005) p. 293
15. L. Azoulai and F. Ronkes Agerbeek, 'Conseil constitutionnel (French Constitutional Court), Decision No. 2004-505 DC of 19 Nov. 2004, on the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe', 42 CMLRev. (2005) p. 871.
16. Constitutional Court of Spain, Declaration on the consistency of the European Constitutional Treaty with the Spanish Constitution, DTC 1/ 2004, 13 Dec. 2004. For a comment, see, e.g., C. B. Schutte, 'Spain. Iribunal Constitucional on the European Constitution. Declaration of 13 December 2004', 1 EuConst (2005) p. 281
17. F. Castillo de la Torre, 'Tribunal Constitucional, Opinion 1/2004 of 13 December 2004, on the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe', 42 CMLRev. (2005) p. 1169
18. R. Alonso García, 'The Spanish Constitution and the European Constitution: The Script for a Virtual Collision and Other Observations on the Principle of Primacy', 6 German Law Journal (2005) p. 1001.
19. See on this distinction and on the implicit presence of this concept in the constitutional jurisprudence of some other member states, J. Ziller, 'Conclusions' and M. Claes, 'The European Constitution and the Role of National Constitutional Courts', in A. Albi and J. Ziller (eds.), The European Constitution and National Constitutions: Ratification and Beyond (The Hague, Kluwer Law International 2007) p. 287-295 and p. 235-247 respectively.
20. A. Stone Sweet, 'Constitutional Dialogues in the European Community', in A.M. Slaughter, A. Sweet Stone and J.H.H. Weiler (eds), The European Court and National Courts Doctrine and Jurisprudence: Legal Change in Its Social Context (Oxford, Hart Publishing 1998) p. 325-326.
21. A. Sajó, 'Learning Co-operative Constitutionalism the Hard Way: The Hungarian Constitutional Court Shying Away from EU Supremacy', 2 Zeitschrift für Staats- und Europawissenschaften (2004) p. 351.
22. See A. Albi, EU Enlargement and the Constitutions of Central and Eastern Europe (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2005), p. 24 et seq. and p. 170-175
23. A. Albi, '"Europe" Articles in the Constitutions of the Central and Eastern European Countries', 42 CMLRev. (2005) p. 399 at p. 403 et seq.
24. Decision 17/2004 (V. 25) AB.
25. Council Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA of 13 June 2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States, OJ [2002] L 190/1.
26. Judgment of 27 April 2005 in Case P 1/05 [Wyrok z dnia 27 kwietnia 2005 r. Sygn. akt. P 1/05] nyr. The summary of the judgment in English is available at the Constitutional Tribunal's website .
27. Judgment of 11 May 2005 in Case K 18/04 [Wyrok z dnia 11 maja 2005 r. Sygn. akt. K 18/04] nyr. The summary of the judgment in English is available at the Constitutional Tribunal's website .
28. See also on this judgment the case note by A. Łazowski 'Poland. Constitutional Tribunal on Conformity of the Accession Treaty with the Polish Constitution' in this issue of EuConst.
29. Sajó, supra n. 14, p. 351.
30. D. Chalmers et al., European Union Law (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2006), p. 198 and 201.
31. Ibid, p. 199.
32. For details, see Albi, EU Enlargement, supra n. 15, p. 78-121.
33. Stone Sweet, supra n. 13, p. 325-326.
34. Sajó, supra n. 14, p. 351.
35. See, e.g., Claes, supra n. 2, p. 534.
36. For relevant cases, see, e.g., A. Stone Sweet, Governing with Judges. Constitutional Politics in Europe (Oxford, Oxford University Press 2000) p. 171-172
37. S. Douglas-Scott, Constitutional Law of the European Union (London, Pearson Education 2002) p. 437 et seq.
38. For a discussion of German literature, see M. Herdegen, 'The Origins and Development of the General Principles of Community Law', in U. Bernitz and J. Nergelius (eds.), General Principles of European Community Law (The Hague, Kluwer Law International 2000), p. 7 and 9-10.
39. ECJ, Opinion 2/94 on Accession by the Community to the ECHR, [1996] ECR I-1759.
40. ECJ, Case 91/92 Dori v. Recreb Srl. [1994] ECR I-3325.
41. ECJ, Case C-376/98, Germany v. European Parliament and Council [2000] ECR I-8419.
42. Claes, supra n. 2, p. 670,
43. citing both De Witte, supra n. 2, p. 209
44. and S. Weatherhill, 'Is constitutional finality feasible or desirable? On the cases for European constitutionalism and a European Constitution', Con Web 7/2002, p. 14.
45. For an overview of the different schools of thought, see Kumm, supra n. 9, p. 265 et seq.
46. See, e.g., N. MacCormick, Questioning Sovereignty: Law, State, and Nation in the European Commonwealth (Oxford, Oxford University Press 1999) p. 105
47. N. Walker, 'The Idea of Constitutional Pluralism, 65 MLR (2002) p. 317
48. M. Kumm, 'Who is the final arbiter of constitutionality in Europe?: three conceptions of the relationship between the German Federal Constitutional Court and the European Court of Justice', 36 CMLRev. (1999) p. 351
49. M. Poiares Maduro, 'Contrapunctual Law: Europe's Constitutional Pluralism in Action', in N. Walker (ed.), Sovereignty in Transition (Oxford, Hart Publishing 2003) p. 523-524.
50. Walker, 'The Idea of Constitutional Pluralism', supra n. 33, p. 337.
51. MacCormick, supra n. 33, Chapter 7
52. Walker, 'Late Sovereignty in the European Union' in Walker, Sovereignty in Transition, supra n. 33, p. 3-32
53. Kumm, supra n. 33, p. 375-376.
54. MacCormick, supra n. 33, p. 259.
55. E.g., Kumm, supra n. 33, p. 356.
56. MacCormick, supra n. 33, p. 265.
57. Stone Sweet, supra n. 13, p. 325.
58. Ibid.
59. On the constitutional courts of Central and Eastern Europe, see W. Sadurski (ed.), Constitutional Justice, East and West. Democratic Legitimacy and Constitutional Courts in Post-Communist Europe in a Comparative Perspective (The Hague, Kluwer Law International 2002)
60. J. Priban et al. (eds.), Systems of Justice in Transition. Central European Experiences since 1989 (Aldershot, Ashgate 2003).
61. W. Sadurski, 'Constitutional Justice, East and West: Introduction' in Sadurski, supra n. 41, p. 1.
62. E.g., Art. 8 of the Polish Constitution; Art. 7 of the Lithuanian Constitution; Art. 77(1) of the Hungarian Constitution. For the English text of these and other constitutions, see the International Constitutional Law website .
63. E.g., Hungarian Constitutional Court Decision 30/1998 on the Europe Agreement (VI 25) AB, Magyar Közlöny
64. Slovenian Constitutional Court Decision No. RM-1/97, 05.06.1997, Uradni list RS, No. 40/97, on Europe Agreement, in English , para. 35-38.
65. For details, see Albi, EU Enlargement, supra n. 15, p. 67 et seq.
66. Z. Kühn, 'The Application of European Law in the New Member States: Several (Early) Predictions', 6 German Law Journal (2005) p. 563
67. S. Rodin 'Discourse and Authority in European and Post-Communist Legal Culture', 1 Croatian Yearbook of European Law (2005) p. 1, esp. p. 7-8.
68. See also T. Capeta, 'Courts, Legal Culture and EU Enlargement', 1 Croatian Yearbook of European Law (2005) p. 23.
69. However, Michal Bobek has noted that if the courts of the other member states were taken as comparators, rather than the European Court of Justice, the situation might not be that much different. See M. Bobek, 'A New or a Non-existent Legal Order? Some Early Experience in the Application of EU Law in Central Europe', 2 Croatian Yearbook of European Law and Policy (2006), forthcoming.
70. Rodin, supra n. 46, p. 7-12.
71. Ibid.
72. Kühn, supra n. 46, p. 576 and p. 564
73. see also Capeta, supra n. 46, p. 31 et seq.
74. Kühn, supra n. 46, p. 574 (references omitted).
75. For a broader discussion of the points raised in this and the previous paragraph, see W. Weiss, 'East Enlargement and the Legal Discourse in the EU', paper presented at the workshop 'Integration or Absorption? Legal Discourses in the Enlarged Union, University of Hanover, 27-29 Sept. 2006, on file with the author.
76. See also Kühn, supra n. 46, p. 565.
77. T. Schweisfurth and R. Alleweldt, 'The Position of International Law in the Central and Eastern European Countries', 40 German Yearbook of International Law (1997) p. 165,
78. with reference to E. Stein, 'International Law in Internal Law: Toward Internationalization of Central-Eastern European Constitutions?', 88 American Journal of International Law (1994) p. 427 at p. 432.
79. See also with regard to Poland W. Czaplinski, 'The Relationship between International Law and Polish Municipal Law in the Light of the 1997 Constitution and Jurisprudence', Droit Polonais Contemporain (1999), p. 19-20.
80. Stein, supra n. 53, p. 427-450.
81. For details, see Albi, EU Enlargement, supra n. 15, p. 67 et seq.
82. See Z. Kühn, 'Constitutional Monologues, Constitutional Dialogues or Constitutional Cacophony? European Arrest Warrant Saga in Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic', paper presented at the workshop 'Integration or Absorption? Legal Discourses in the Enlarged Union, University of Hanover, 27-29 Sept. 2006, on file with the author.
83. Constitution of the Republic of Poland, 1997; for an English version, see the International Constitutional Law website .
84. See in more detail, e.g., S. Biernat, 'Constitutional Aspects of Poland's Future Membership in the European Union, 36 Archiv des Völkerrechts (1998) p. 398
85. J. Barcz, 'Membership of Poland in the European Union in the Light of the Constitution of 2 April 1997', 23 Polish Yearbook of International Law (1997-98) p. 21
86. A. Łazowski, 'Poland', in A. Ott and K. Inglis (eds.), Handbook on European Enlargement. A Commentary on the Enlargement Process (The Hague, T.M.C. Asser Press 2002) p. 299.
87. See K. Wojtowicz, 'Proposed Changes in the Polish Constitution of 1997 Ahead of Poland's Accession to the European Union, 25 Polish Yearbook of International Law (2001), p. 40-44
88. S. Biernat, 'The Openness of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland Towards European Integration', in G. Amato et al. (eds.), The Constitutional Revision in Today's Europe (Esperia Publications, London 2002) p. 439 at 445 et seq.
89. See in more detail Biernat, supra n. 59, p. 446 et seq.
90. Judgment of 31.05.2004, K 15/04; an English summary of the decision can be found at .
91. Para. 10 of the English summary of judgment K15/04, supra n. 61.
92. Ibid., para. 1.
93. Judgment in Case K 18/04, supra n. 19.
94. Judgment of 27.05.2003 in Case K11/03; an English summary of the decision can be found at .
95. OJ [1993] L 348/1.
96. The decisions are quoted in Kühn, supra n. 46, p. 566
97. see ibid. for further details.
98. Judgment in Case P 1/05, supra n. 18.
99. See A. Łazowski, 'Constitutional Tribunal on the Surrender of Polish Citizens Under the European Arrest Warrant. Decision of 27 April 2005', 1 EuConst (2005) p. 569 at p. 573 et seq.;
100. and K. Kowalik-Bańczyk, 'Should We Polish It Up? The Polish Constitutional Tribunal and the Idea of Supremacy of EU Law', 6 German Law Journal (2005), p. 1355.
101. Act amending the Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code and Minor Offences Code [Ustawa z dnia 18 marca 2004 r. o zmianie ustawy - Kodeks karny, ustawy - Kodeks postepowania karnego oraz ustawy - Kodeks wykroczeń], Dziennik Ustaw [2004] No. 69 Item 626.
102. For information on the factual background, see Łazowski, supra n. 68, p. 573 et seq.
103. Ibid., p. 574 et seq.
104. See infra n. 74 and the accompanying text.
105. See, e.g., ECJ, Case 80/86 Kolpinghuis Nijmegen, [1987] ECR I-3969.
106. Case C-105/03 Criminal proceedings against Maria Pupino, [2005] ECR I-5285.
107. For discussion, see Łazowski, supra n. 68, p. 578 et seq.
108. For a similar conclusion, see also Łazowski, supra n. 68, p. 581
109. Kowalik-Bańczyk, supra n. 68, p. 1360
110. J. Komárek, 'European Constitutionalism and the European Arrest Warrant: Contrapunctual Principles in Disharmony, Jean Monnet Working Paper 10/05 (2005) available at , p. 13-14
111. Kühn, supra n. 56.
112. Para. 17 of the English summary of the judgment in Case P 1/05, supra n. 18.
113. See on this Komárek, supra n. 75, p. 12.
114. Judgment of 7.11.2005, Ap. No. 294/2005, English summary on file with the author.
115. Judgment of 18.07.2005, 2 BvR 2236/04. For a summary in English, see Press Release No. 64/2005 of 18 July 2005, at the Court's website .
116. See also C. Tomuschat, 'Inconsistencies - The German Federal Constitutional Court on the European Arrest Warrant', 2 EuConst (2006) p. 209-226.
117. Komárek, supra n. 75, p. 5 and 14
118. see also Kühn, supra n. 56.
119. Cases No. RA 3865-2004, RA 3865-2004, RA 4760-2004, RA 3988-2005 and RA 3988-2005.
120. Case No. Pl. ÚS 66/04. The Czech Constitutional Court decided the case on 3 May 2006, finding that Article 14(4) of the Czech Charter of Fundamental Rights, which prohibits forcing Czech citizens to leave their homeland, does not preclude a temporary surrender of Czech citizens under the European Arrest Warrant, when interpreting the provision in conformity with European Union obligations.
121. Case C-303/05 Advocaten voor de Wereld, OJ [2005] C 271/14, 29.10.2005.
122. Judgment in Case K 18/04, supra n. 19. See also on this judgment the case note by A. Łazowski 'Poland. Constitutional Tribunal on Conformity of the Accession Treaty with the Polish Constitution' in this issue of EuConst.
123. Para. 10 of the English summary of Judgment in Case K 18/04, supra n. 19.
124. Ibid., para. 12.
125. Ibid., para. 16.
126. Ibid., para. 14.
127. Ibid., para. 13.
128. Ibid.
129. Komárek, supra n. 75, p. 25.
130. For details, see Albi, EU Enlargement, supra n. 15, p. 67 et seq.
131. See A. Łazowski and S. Yosifova, 'Bulgaria', in S. Blockmans and A. Łazowski (eds.), The European Union and its Neighbours. A Legal Appraisal of the EU's Policies of Stabilisation, Partnership and Integration (The Hague, T.M.C. Asset Press 2006).
132. RT I i Riigi Teataja - Official Gazette] 2003, 64, 429.
133. E.g., Decision No. 3-4-1-11-03 of 24.09.2003, Vilu and Estonian Voters Union, and Decision No. 3-4-1-12-03 of 29.09.2003, Kulbok available at .
134. Decision No. 3-4-1-1-05 of 19 April 2005, available at .
135. The Chancellor of Justice is an institution resembling an ombudsman; it also has the right to initiate constitutional review proceedings in the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court.
136. Political Parties Act, RT I 1994, 40, 654; 2003, 90, 601.
137. Art. 19 EC provides for the right of Union citizens to vote and stand in European Parliament and municipal elections when residing in another member state.
138. ECJ, Joined Cases C-10/97 to C-22/97, Ministero delle Finanze v. IN.CO.GE.'90 Srl [1998] ECR I-6307.
139. For details, see Albi, EU Enlargement, supra n. 15, p. 91.
140. Para. 50, Decision No. 3-4-1-1-05 of 19 April 2005, available at .
141. Opinion No. 3-4-1-3-06 on the interpretation of Article 111, available at .
142. The registration numbers of these cases are 119-123/2003; the decisions of inadmissibility are not available in English. The decisions are summarised in A. Endzins, 'Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia', in The Position of Constitutional Courts Following Integration into the European Union, Proceedings of the Conference held in Bled, Slovenia, 30.09.-02.10.2004, p. 208 at p. 214-215.
143. Ibid.
144. See Albi, EU Enlargement, supra n. 15, p. 114 et seq.
145. See L. Besselink, 'The Dutch Constitution, the European Constitution and the Referendum in the Netherlands', in Albi and Ziller, supra n. 12, p. 113 et seq.
146. Ibid.
147. This argument has been developed in more detail in Albi, EU Enlargement, supra n. 15, p. 22 et seq.
148. See also E. Smith, 'The Constitution as an Instrument of Change: Introduction', in E. Smith (ed.), The Constitution as an Instrument of Change (Stockholm, SNS Förlag 2003), p. 15 et seq.
149. Albi, EU Enlargement, supra n. 15, p. 114 et seq.
150. B. De Witte, 'Constitutional Aspects of European Union Membership in the Original Six Member States: Model Solutions for the Applicant Countries?', in A. Kellermann et al. (eds.), EU Enlargement. The Constitutional Impact at EU and National Level (The Hague, T.M.C. Asser Press 2001) p. 73.
151. H. Rasmussen, 'Denmark's Waning Constitutionalism and Article 20 of the Constitution on Transfer of Sovereignty', in Albi and Ziller, supra n. 12, p. 149-156.
152. I am grateful to Zdenek Kühn for this point; see also Kühn, supra n. 56
153. See infra n. 156 and the accompanying text.
154. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1972/2003 of 10.11.2003 on transitional measures to be adopted in respect of trade in agricultural products on account of the accession of the Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia, OJ [2003] L 293/3.
155. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 60/2004 of 14.01.2004 laying down transitional measures in the sugar sector by reason of the accession of the Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia, OJ [2004] L 9/8.
156. Decision 17/2004 (V.25.) AB. See in more detail Sajó, supra n. 14, p. 351 et seq.;
157. R. Uitz, 'EU Law and the Hungarian Constitutional Court: Lessons of the First Post-accesson Encounter', in W. Sadurski et al. (eds.), Après Enlargement: Taking Stock of the Immediate Legal and Political Responses to the Accession of Central and Eastern European States to the EU (Florence, European University Institute 2006) p. 41-64
158. J. Czuczai, 'Hungary', in A.E. Kellermann et al. (eds.), The Impact of EU Accession on the Legal Orders of New EU Member States and (Pre-) Candidate Countries. Hopes and Fears (The Hague, T.M.C. Asser Press 2006) p. 343 at p. 350-351.
159. RT 2004 I, 30, 203.
160. See Case 11/70, supra n. 1.
161. We refer here to Tallinn Administrative Court Decision in Teskatel Ltd. (Judgment No. 3-2578/2004 of 17 Oct. 2005). The precise issues and reasoning varied in the large number of other decisions.
162. OJ [2003] L 236/33.
163. ECJ, Case C-179/00 Weidacher v. Bundesminister für Land-und Forstwirtschaft [2002] ECR I-501.
164. This formula was established, e.g., in Case C-177/90 Kühn v. Landwirtschaftskammer Weser-Ems [1992] ECR I-35, para. 14.
165. Judgment No. 3-3-1-33-06 of 5 Oct. 2006, Hadleri Toidulisandite AS in Estonian at .
166. Judgment No. 3-4-1-20-04 of 2 Dec. 2004, in Estonian at .
167. Pl. ÚS 50/04, 08.03.2006; English translation on file with the author.
168. On the ground of acte clair, it was not considered necessary to request a preliminary reference from the European Court of Justice.
169. Kühn, supra n. 56.
170. Action brought on 28.06.2004, Poland v. EC Commission (Case T-257/04), OJ [2004] C 251/20.
171. Action brought on 28.06.2004, Poland v. EC Commission (Case T-258/04), OJ [2004] C 251/21.
172. Regulation (EC) No. 832/2005 of 31.05.2005 on the determination of surplus quantities of sugar, isoglucose and fructose for the Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia. OJ [2005] L 138/3.
173. Action brought on 25.08.2005, Estonia v. EC Commission (Case T-324/05), OJ [2005] C 271/24.
174. As a matter of fact, a nationwide campaign was organised to bring thousands of jars of home-made jam to Brussels, but this did not succeed on the planned scale, as EU legislation does not allow distribution of home-made jam to the public.
175. This, in essence, appears to indicate the Government's support to the claims of the companies in the above-mentioned national cases.
176. 'EU loses battle in WTO over sugar support', Eubusiness, 28.04.2005, .
177. 'EU announces overhaul of sugar subsidies', Euobserver, 22.06.2005, .
178. This view is represented, e.g., by Sajó, supra n. 14, p. 351 et seq.
179. See also Czuczai, supra n. 117, p. 351.
180. Sajó, supra n. 14, p. 362 et seq.
181. Sajó, supra n. 14, p. 358 and 365.
182. This view is represented by Uitz, supra n. 117, p. 44 et seq.
183. Ibid., p. 48-50.
184. Sajó, supra n. 14, p. 368-369.
185. Ibid., p. 371.
186. Ibid., p. 353.
187. Ibid., p. 361.
188. Ibid., p. 367-368.
189. E. Steyger, National Traditions and European Community Law: Margarine and Marriage (Aldershot, Ashgate 1997) p. 190 et seq.
190. Ibid., p. 191.
191. ECJ, Case C-183/95 Affish BV v. Rijksdienst voor de keuring van Vee en Vlees [1997] ECR I-4315
192. see E. Steyger, supra n. 147, p. 192.
193. T. Ojanen, 'The Impact of EU Membership on Finnish Constitutional Law', 10 European Public Law (2004) p. 542.
194. Ibid, p. 545.
195. For discussion of relevant literature, see Douglas-Scott, supra n. 27, p. 460-461 and 454-458
196. Herdegen, supra n. 27, p. 10-12.
197. J. Coppel and A. O'Neill, 'The European Court of Justice: Taking Rights Seriously?', 29 CMLRev. (1992) p. 670 et seq. and 692.
198. Ibid, p. 684.
199. E.g., J. Weiler and N. Lockhart, '"Taking Rights Seriously" Seriously: The European Court and Its Fundamental Rights Jurisprudence', 32 CMLRev. (1995) p. 51 and 579.
200. See, e.g., U. Everling, 'Will Europe Slip on Bananas? The Bananas Judgement of the Court of Justice and National Courts', 33 CMLRev. (1996) p. 401
201. N. Reich, 'Judge-made Europe à la Carte: Some Remarks on Recent Conflicts between European and German Constitutional Law Provoked by the Banana Litigation', European Journal of International Law (1996) p. 103
202. Herdegen, supra n. 27, p. 11.
203. ECJ, Case C-280/93 Germany v. Council [1994] ECR I-4973.
204. Herdegen, supra n. 27, p. 11 and 21
205. B. De Witte, 'The Past and Future Role of the European Court of Justice in the Protection of Human Rights', in P. Alston (ed.), The EU and Human Rights (Oxford, Oxford University Press 1999), at p. 878-879.
206. Everling, supra n. 156, p. 413 and 419.
207. Ibid., p. 419.
208. See L. Besselink, 'Entrapped by the Maximum Standard: On Fundamental Rights, Pluralism and Subsidiarity in the European Union', 35 CMLRev. (1998), p. 634 et seq.;
209. De Witte, supra n. 158, p. 879.
210. Besselink, supra n. 161, p. 634 et seq.
211. Ibid.
212. Ojanen, supra n. 150, p. 543-544, with references to Finnish literature.
213. Ibid.
214. Besselink, supra n. 161, p. 634 et seq.;
215. De Witte, supra n. 158, p. 879.
216. Ojanen, supra n. 150, p. 543.
217. Ibid.
218. De Witte, supra n. 158, p. 882-883.
219. Ibid.
220. Ibid., p. 869.
221. T. Tridimas, The General Principles of EC Law (Oxford, Oxford University Press 1999), p. 169 and 173.
222. For a detailed analysis of the ECJ's case-law on the principles of legal certainty and legitimate expectations, see Chapter 6 of the new edition of this book (T. Tridimas, The General Principles of EU Law (Oxford, Oxford University Press 2006))
223. and J. Raitio, The Principle of Legal Certainty in EC Law (Dordrecht, Kluwer 2003), Chapter 6.
224. G. De Burca, 'Proportionality and Subsidiarity as General Principles of Law', in Bernitz and Nergelius, supra n. 27, p. 98-99.
225. Tridimas (2006) supra n. 172, p. 315.
226. Sajó, supra n. 14, p. 371.
227. For a broader analysis of the incoherence in the human rights protection in the European Union's internal and in external policy, see A. Williams, EU Human Rights Policies: A Study in Irony (Oxford, Oxford University Press 2004) p. 6 et seq. and especially Chapter 3, p. 53 et seq.
228. Matthews v. UK (1999) 28 EHRR 361.
229. Bosphorus v. Ireland, 45036/98 [2005] ECHR 440.
230. To borrow the terminology used by Everling, supra n. 156.
231. Kumm, supra n. 9, p. 291 et seq.
232. Ibid., p. 292.
233. This has indeed earlier occurred with regard to ECJ cases C-159/90, The Society for the Protection of Unborn Children Ireland Ltd v. Grogan [1991] ECR 1-4685, case C-450/93, Kalanke v. Freie Hansestadt Bremen [1995] ECR I-3051 and case C-262/88, Barber v. Guardian Royal Exchange Assurance Group [1990] ECR I-1889, where declarations or treaty amendments were introduced in response to the ECJ judgments that had evoked concern amongst the member states.
234. Kumm, supra n. 9, p. 288.
235. Ibid., p. 297 et seq.
236. Ibid., p. 290.
237. See Komárek, supra n. 75, p. 5 and 25.
238. De Witte, supra n. 158, p. 878.
239. Everling, supra n. 156, p. 435.
240. Ibid., Everling, supra n. 156, p. 436.
241. J.B. Liisberg, 'Does the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights Threaten the Supremacy of Community Law', 38 CMLRev. (2001) p. 1198.
242. For the 'maximum protection' approach, see Besselink, supra n. 161, p. 670 et seq.;
243. for objections, see, e.g., De Witte, supra n. 158, p. 881.
244. Everling, supra n. 156, p. 473.
245. Claes, supra n. 2, p. 650,
246. see also p. 389.
247. Ibid., p. 650.
248. Kumm, supra n. 9, p. 281.
249. Alter, supra n. 2, p. 118.
250. E. Blankenburg, 'Changes in Political Regimes and Continuity of the Rule of Law in Germany', in H. Jacob et al. (eds.), Courts, Law and Politics in Comparative Perspective (New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press 1996) p. 249-316 at p. 309,
251. cited in Alter, supra n. 2, p. 118.
252. Stone Sweet, supra n. 27, p. 73.
253. Ibid.
254. Kumm, supra n. 9, p. 292.