How East New York Became a Ghetto

How East New York Became a Ghetto

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-304

  Thabit, Walter ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 34247565399     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (162)

1. New York Times, March 30, 1972.
2. The Enterprise Foundation, Columbia, Md., 1999 Annual Report.
3. Rental Housing Assistance-The Worsening Crisis, HUD, 2000.
4. "Brooklyn Sniper Kills Negro Boy in Race Disorder," New York Times, July 22, 1966.
5. The statistics given in this chapter are drawn from Walter Thabit, "Planning for a Target Area, East New York," October 1967.
6. Survey of East New York tenants by my consulting firm, 1967.
7. Thabit, "Planning for a Target Area, East New York."
8. Samuel G. Freedman, Upon This Rock, HarperCollins, 1993.
9. The following social analysis is based partly on discussions with the sociologist Malcolm Evans, January 1967.
10. For more detail on black churches and their role in the politics, culture, and life of the community, see Clarence Taylor, The Black Churches of Brooklyn, Columbia University Press, 1996.
11. New York Metropolitan Committee on Planning, "The Demand for Planning Services by Local Communities-An Analysis of Planning Needs in 26 Communities in New York City and Newark, New Jersey," New York, 1969. East New York was one of twenty-six communities reported on in 1966.
12. A detailed historical account of life in the Delta and life after migration to Chicago is given in Nicholas Lemann's The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America, Vintage Books, 1992.
13. NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund pamphlet, undated.
14. Juan Gonzalez, Harvest of Empire, Viking Penguin, 2000, provides a vivid account of the U.S. exploitation and impoverishment of Puerto Rico.
15. Irwin Silber, writing in The Guardian, December 31, 1975.
16. The following description is adapted from Alan Burnham, "The Dwelling in Greater Manhattan, 1850-1950: Part II, 1850-1890," published privately, 1953.
17. The following is drawn from Committee on Housing, "Riverside, a Study of Housing on the West Side of Manhattan," New York Chapter, American Institute of Architects, New York, 1954.
18. Tenements built before 1929.
19. AIA Committee on Housing, "Patterns of Urban Congestion," 1952.
20. The Guardian, June 30, 1971.
21. Bayard Rustin, A Way Out of the Exploding Ghetto, A. Philip Randolph Foundation, 1967.
22. A telling account of the formation of the housing lobby, the development of its racist policies, and its control of the Federal Housing programs is provided in Charles Abrams, Forbidden Neighbors-A Study of Prejudice in Housing, Harper and Brothers, 1955.
23. New York Metropolitan Chapter, Planners for Equal Opportunity, "Inter-Racial Status of Publicly Aided Housing in New York City," May 1965.
24. Lewis G. Watts and others, "The Middle-Income Negro Faces Urban Renewal," Graduate School for Advanced Studies in Social Welfare, Brandeis University, 1964.
25. Norris Vitchek, "Confessions of a Blockbuster," Saturday Evening Post, 1962.
26. See Otis D. Duncan and Beverly Duncan, The Negro Population of Chicago- A Study of Residential Succession, University of Chicago Press, 1957.
27. Karl E. Taeuber and Alma F. Taeuber, Negroes in Cities-Residential Segregation and Neighborhood Change, Atheneum, 1972.
28. Elizabeth Wood, "A New Look at the Balanced Neighborhood," Citizens Housing and Planning Council, New York, December 1960.
29. My firm undertook planning studies of East Flatbush in 1967-1968.
30. Walter Thabit, "East Flatbush at the Threshold," 1969.
31. Acommon racist rallying cry. Residents of Rosedale, Queens, the scene of a pipe bombing, cross burnings, and other incidents in 1974, called it "the last frontier" of private homes for whites in southeast Queens.
32. Unpublished paper, January 12, 1967.
33. New York Times, Wednesday, July 20, 1966.
34. New York Metropolitan Committee on Planning, "The Demand for Planning Services by Local Communities-An Analysis of Planning Needs in 26 Communities in New York City and Newark, New Jersey," 1969.
35. Martin E. Eisenberg, "Being Left in East New York; Tensions between Race and Class in Community Organizing, 1954-1980," Ph.D. diss., City University of New York, February 1999.
36. News Release, Office of the Mayor, City Hall, New York, February 23, 1966.
37. Today's sanitation men had no idea what "Tn-weekly" stood for in the 1960s.
38. Interview with Sidney Davidoff, Crash Clean-up Coordinator, January 12, 1967.
39. Eisenberg, "Being Left in East New York."
40. New York Times, January 29, 1968.
41. New York Post, December 8, 1971.
42. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, Bantam Books, March 1968.
43. Deborah Wallace, "Roots of Increased Health Care Inequality in New York," Social Science and Medicine 31 (1990): 1219-27
44. Rodrick Wallace, "Urban Desertification, Public Health and Public Order: 'Planned Shrinkage,' Violent Death, Substance Abuse, and AIDS in the Bronx," Social Science and Medicine 32 (1991):80l-813
45. Rodrick Wallace, "'Planned Shrinkage,' Contagious Urban Decay, and Violent Death in the Bronx: The Implications of Synergism," Epidemiology of Mental Disorders Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1990.
46. Priscilla Wooten felt that East New York didn't get its educational park because "we had no friends in city government." Interview, May 6, 1998.
47. Irving J. Rubin, "Analyzing Detroit's Riot: The Causes and Responses," The Reporter, February 22, 1968; interview, May 6, 1998.
48. New York Daily News, November 23, 1996.
49. The materials that follow are drawn from "Youth in New York City: Outof- School and Out-of-Work," Report of the Mayor's Committee on Youth and Work, New York City Youth Board, December 1963.
50. "Manpower Report," November 1965.
51. Drawn from the statement by Representative Shirley Chisholm before the Committee on Education and Labor, April 29, 1969.
52. Diary of Philip Hone, 1828-51, New York, 1936. Also, Letters of John Pintard, New York, 1941, Vol. III, p. 51.
53. "Report of the Select Committee Appointed to Examine into the Condition of Tenant-houses in New York and Brooklyn," New York State Assembly Document No. 205, 1857.
54. Drawn from Ken Wooden, Weeping in the Playtime of Others, McGraw- Hill, 1975.
55. New York Times, p. 36. Clip is undated, but from the Lindsay administration.
56. "No Lid on Racial Volcano in the East New York Slums," The Guardian, May 27, 1967.
57. Robert Conot, Rivers of Blood, Years of Darkness, Bantam Books, 1967.
58. "The Youngest Ex-Cons: Facing a Difficult Road out of Crime," New York Times, November 17, 1996.
59. Greg Donaldson, The Ville: Cops and Kids in Urban America, Ticknor and Fields, 1993. Donaldson reports on conditions in Brownsville and East New York, on a teenager Sharron Corley, one of its residents, and on Gary Lemite, one of its cops.
60. Citizens Committee for Children, "Keeping Track of New York City's Children," 1999.
61. Martin E. Eisenberg, "Being Left in East New York; Tensions between Race and Class in Community Organizing, 1954-1980," Ph.D. diss., City University of New York, February 1999.
62. East New Yorker, June 1974.
63. Citizens Committee for Children of New York City, Inc., "Keeping Track of New York City's Children," 1999.
64. Interview with Dr. Anthony Rajkumar, May 10, 2001.
65. Andrea Malester interview with Bob Brodsky, April 30, 1970.
66. Walter Thabit, Planning Consultant, "Report on Relocation, East New York Vest Pocket Housing Program," November 1968.
67. Betty Woody, "Nonprofit Sponsorship-General Problems," June 1970, staff report.
68. Noted in Bill Wright letter to HUD, May 24, 1996.
69. Fred L. Wallace letter to CRF board secretary, July 29, 1992.
70. Walter Thabit, Planning Consultant, "Report on Relocation, East New York Vest Pocket Housing Program," November 1968.
71. New York Times, August 24, 1970.
72. Walter Thabit, Planning Consultant, "Status of the ENY Model Cities Housing Program," November 1971.
73. Walter Thabit, with Tunney Lee and Bernard Rothzeid, "A School Planning Concept for East New York," March 1969. Also, Jacqueline Leavitt, "Schools: The Need in East New York," April 1969.
74. Interview with Dolores Schaefer, September 23, 1998.
75. Martin E. Eisenberg, "Being Left in East New York; Tensions between Race and Class in Community Organizing, 1954-1980," Ph.D. diss., City University of New York, February 1999.
76. Interviews with four brokers, two black and two white, August 1968.
77. Douglass J. Kramer, "Protecting the Urban Environment from the Federal Government," Urban Affairs Quarterly, March 1974.
78. Central Brooklyn Model Cities memo, August 27, 1968.
79. New York Times, February 3, 1976.
80. New York Post, March 29, 1972.
81. New York Times, March 30, 1972.
82. Jerry Capeci and Mary Connelly, "Bare Huge Ghetto Home Loan Swindle," New York Post, March 29, 1972.
83. New York Times, May 8, 1972.
84. "$15 M Realty Frauds Hit FHA, Poor," New York Post, September 24, 1971.
85. New York Times, March 30, 1972.
86. Josh Friedman and George Capozzi Jr., "Figure in FHA Bribery on Babylon Town Board," New York Post, September 28, 1972.
87. New York Post, September 28, 1972.
88. New York Times, May 8, 1972.
89. New York Times, February 28, 1972.
90. Jerry M. Flint, "Rommey Says His Agency Can't Solve Housing Problem: Concedes Errors," New York Times, March 28, 1972.
91. Douglass J. Kramer, "Protecting the Urban Environment from the Federal Government," Urban Affairs Quarterly, March 1974.
92. New York Times, December 11, 1975.
93. "Indict Bank Officer in Housing Scheme," New York Daily News, November 14, 1975.
94. New York Daily News, July 22, 1998.
95. New York Times, April 2, 1972.
96. Kramer, "Protecting the Urban Environment from the Federal Government."
97. East New Yorker, June, 1974.
98. Polly Kline, "Tenants Sue U.S. to Bar Eviction in Housing Fraud," New York Daily News, July 5, 1972.
99. New York Times, July 24, 1972
100. New York Times, December 11, 1975.
101. New York Times, February 3, 1976.
102. New York Post, November 20, 1975.
103. Marilyn Gittell, "Participants and Participation: A Study of School Policy in the City of New York," circa 1965.
104. Marilyn Gittell, "Local Control in Education-Three Demonstration School Districts in New York City," Praeger, 1972.
105. "Reconnection for Learning, Acommunity School System for New York City," Mayor's Advisory Panel on Decentralization of the New York City Schools, McGeorge Bundy, Chairman, November 8, 1967.
106. Mid-Brooklyn Times, September 18, 1968.
107. New York Times, May 3, 1968.
108. Much of what follows is drawn from Marilyn Gittell, "School Boards and School Policy," Praeger, 1973.
109. Martin E. Eisenberg, "Being Left in East New York; Tensions between Race and Class in Community Organizing, 1954-1980." Ph.D. diss., City University of New York, February 1999.
110. Sister Vergie Rasheeda Muhammad, "Black Leaders' and Black Administrators' Opinions and Perceptions about the Decentralization of New York City Schools, 1969-1978." Ph.D. diss., Teachers College, May 1988.
111. Anthony Creswell and Paul Irvin, "State Politics and Federal Aid to Education in New York State," unpublished paper, p. 20.
112. New York Daily News, May 13, 2001.
113. Susan Breslin, "Promoting Poverty: The Shift of Resources Away from Low-Income New York City School Districts," Community Service Society, 1987.
114. Public Education Association, "Parents' Guide to Mathematics, Science, and Technology Education in New York City Public Schools," 1997.
115. "Levy, Board to Mull Dis of Protégé," New York Daily News, May 11, 2001.
116. New York State Temporary Commission on New York City School Governance, "Governing for Results: Decentralization with Accountability."
117. Edward N. Costikyan and Maxwell Lehman, "Re-structuring the Government of New York City," Task Force on Jurisdiction and Structure, State Study Commission for New York City, March 15, 1972.
118. Tour and conversation with Marshall Stukes, May 9, 1996.
119. Interview with Priscilla Wooten, May 6, 1998.
120. New York Times, June 30, 1982.
121. Conversation with Mike Gecan, July 6, 2000.
122. Remarks at a meeting on empowering local communities, October 15, 1999.
123. Conversation with Mike Gecan, July 6, 2000.
124. New York Times, June 10, 2001.
125. New York Times, November 15, 2000.
126. Tom Robbins, "Hardball in Brooklyn," New York Daily News, February 8, 1998.
127. "Special Report Small Business: East New York Sheds Bad Old Image -Low Rents Attract New Businesses," Cara S. Trager, Crains New York Business, June 12, 2000.
128. Interview with Bill Willkins, East New York zone coordinator and Ojeda Hall-Phillips, director, East New York Business Assistance Center, July 26, 2001.
129. "Issues and Opportunities in East New York: A Report on the Envisioning Forums and Recent Developments in East New York," First Year Report of the East New York Planning Group, July 1996.
130. This section is drawn from "Pitkin Avenue, Filling the Gaps," Pratt Institute Graduate Center for Planning and the Environment, Neighborhood Planning Studio, spring 1996.
131. The New York Times, March 25, 2001.
132. Citizens Committee for Children, "Keeping Track of New York City's Children," 1999.
133. New York Times, July 27, 1999.
134. Patrick Markee, "Housing a Growing City-New York's Bust in Boom Times," Coalition for the Homeless, New York, 1999.
135. New York Times, November 15, 2000.
136. Markee, "Housing a Growing City."
137. New York Times, November 15, 2000.
138. Tom Robbins, "Gore-Test: Candidate Challenged to Take on Issue of Affordable Housing," Village Voice, July 5-11, 2000.
139. Glenn Thrush, "Anatomy of a Machine," City Limits, February 1996.
140. Thrush, "Anatomy of a Machine."
141. City Limits, October, 1996.
142. Tom Robbins, Hardball in Brooklyn, New York Daily News, February 8, 1998.
143. Thrush, "Anatomy of a Machine."
144. Charles Barron, "Spark the Fire," City Limits, date unknown.
145. Interview with Mike Gecan, EBC lead organizer, July 6, 2000.
146. Christian Parenti, Lockdown America, Verso, 1999.
147. Malcolm Gladwell, "The Tipping Point," New Yorker, June 3, 1996.
148. "Patrol Guide," New York Police Department, January 1, 2000.
149. New York Daily News, November 26, 2000.
150. New York Daily News, November 26, 2000.
151. New York Post, April 5, 2001.
152. John Mollenkopf and Ken Emerson, eds., Rethinking the Urban Agenda, Century Foundation, 2001. See esp. Michael Jacobson, "From the Back to the Front: the Changing Character of Punishment in New York City."
153. New York Daily News, May 10, 2000.
154. New York Daily News, May or June 2000.
155. Joel Dyer, The Perpetual Prisoner Machine, Westview Press, 2000.
156. New York Times, September 2, 2001.
157. "An Analysis of Brooklyn Homicides at Mid-Year 2000-Strategies for Saving Lives," Charles J. Hynes, District Attorney, Kings County, 2000.
158. Alison Mitchell, "On a Frontier of Hope, Building Homes for the Poor Proves Perilous," New York Times, October 4, 1992.
159. NYPD Crime Comparison Report, 1999.
160. Patrick Markee, "Housing a Growing City-New York's Bust in Boom Times," Coalition for the Homeless, 1999.
161. Visit by the author, November 13, 2000.
162. Interview with Dennis Taylor, ENYUYC, November 13, 2000.