Cultural icons and urban development in Asia: Economic imperative, national identity, and global city status

Political Geography

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 383-404

  Kong, Lily ^a  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Cultural capital; Cultural icon; Global city; Hong Kong; Shanghai; Singapore

Indexed keywords

ICONOGRAPHY; NATIONAL IDENTITY; URBAN DEVELOPMENT; URBAN POPULATION; WORLD CITY;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; HONG KONG; SHANGHAI; SINGAPORE [SOUTHEAST ASIA]; SOUTHEAST ASIA;

EID: 34247475135     PISSN: 09626298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2006.11.007     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Abbas A. Hong Kong: Culture and the politics of disappearance (1997), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis
2. Advisory Council on Culture and the Arts. (1989). Report of the Advisory Council on Culture and the Arts. Singapore.
3. Art of change. (2002, December 10). South China Morning Post (SCMP).
4. Baum S. Social transformations in the global city: Singapore. Urban Studies 36 7 (1999) 1095-1117
5. Beech H. Art rivalry: reviving an age-old feud, Beijing and Shanghai fight for the title of cultural capital. Time Asia 155 14 (2000, April 10). http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/2000/0410/art.rivalry.html Available from
6. Belated plan for HK arts hub attacked. (2004, April 29). Agence France Presse.
7. Cartier C. The state, property development and symbolic landscape in high-rise Hong Kong. Landscape Research 24 2 (1999) 185-208
8. Chang T.C. From 'Instant Asia' to 'multi-faceted jewel': urban imaging strategies and tourism development in Singapore. Urban Geography 18 6 (1997) 542-564
9. Chua B.H. Responding to global challenge: the changing international economy. In: Rodan G. (Ed). Singapore changes guard: Social, political and economic direction in the 1990s (1993), Longman Cheshire, New York 101-115
10. Clément P. Shanghai: squares and public spaces. In: Seng K., and Rowe P.G. (Eds). Architecture and urbanism for modern China (2004), Prestel, Munch, Berlin, London, New York 148-159
11. Commission report: Bringing the vision to life - Hong Kong's long-term development needs and goals, produced by the Commission on Strategic Development, February 2000.
12. Cultural centre: Beijing vs Shanghai. (2000, September 22). Shanghai Star.
13. Culture movement; Stung by Beijing's bid to be China's cultural capital, Shanghai is spending up big to wrest back the title. (2004, August 15). South China Morning Post (SCMP).
14. Cybriwski R. Tokyo: The changing profile of an urban giant (1991), Belhaven Press, London
15. De Frantz M. From cultural regeneration to discursive governance: constructing the flagship of the 'Museumsquartier Vienna' as a plural symbol of change. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 29 1 (2005) 50-66
16. Degolyer M. Conditional citizenship: Hong Kong people's attitudes toward the new motherland. Citizenship Studies 5 2 (2001) 165-183
17. Domosh M. The symbolism of the skyscraper: case studies of New York's first tall buildings. Journal of Urban History 14 3 (1988) 320-345
18. Dorfman R. Hong Kong's path to 'world city' status. Shippers Today. Available from http://www.tdctrade.com/shippers/vol24_1/vol24_1_annu011.htm.
19. Economic Review Committee (ERC) Services Subcommittee Report. Creative industries development strategy (2002), Ministry of Trade and Industry, Singapore
20. Farrer J. Nationalism pits Shanghai against its global ambition. Available from (2005, April 29). http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=5658 Accessed 28.05.05
21. Fenske G., and Holdsworth D. Corporate identity and the New York office building: 1895-1915. In: Ward D., and Zunz O. (Eds). The landscape of modernity: Essays on New York City, 1990-1940 (1992), Russel Sage, New York 129-159
22. Ford L.R. Midtowns, megastructures, and world cities. The Geographical Review 88 4 (1998) 528-547
23. Forrest R., La Grange A., and Yip N.M. Hong Kong as a global city? Social distance and spatial differentiation. Urban Studies 41 1 (2004) 207-227
24. Fung A. What makes the local? A brief consideration of the rejuvenation of Hong Kong identity. Cultural Studies 15 3/4 (2001) 591-601
25. Fung, V. (1999, February 4). "Hong Kong: Into the new millennium", Speech by Dr. Victor K. Fung, Chairman of the Trade Development Council. Available from http://www.tdctrade.com/tdcnews/9902/99020403.htm.
26. Gereffi G. The elusive last lap in the quest for developed-country status. In: Mittelman J. (Ed). Globalization: Critical reflections (1996), Lynne Rienner, London
27. Glick S.N., Basch L., and Szanton-Blanc C. From immigrant to transmigrant: theorising transnational migration. Anthropological Quarterly 68 1 (1995) 48-63
28. Guehenno J.-M. The end of the nation-state. translated by Victoria Elliott (1995), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis
29. Heed the people's call, conserve 'built' heritage. (1999, March 16). Straits Times, The (ST).
30. Hill M., and Lian K.F. The politics of nation building and citizenship in Singapore (1995), Routledge, London
31. Hong Kong Arts Development Council (HKADC). Introduction to creative industries: the case of United Kingdom and implementation strategies in Hong Kong. Available from (2000). http://www.hkadc.org.hk/en/infocentre/research/report_200005 Accessed 16.06.05
32. Hong Kong Department of Trade (HKDOT). Creative industries. Available from (2002). http://www.tdctrade.com/econforum/tdc/tdc020902.htm Accessed 11.06.04
33. Hong Kong Developing Strategy for Creative Industries (HKDSCI). Hong Kong: developing strategy for creative industries. Available from (2002). http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/brandhk/1212229.htm Accessed 30.06.04
34. Hong Kong's future challenge of defining our tomorrow. (1999, January 25). South China Morning Post (SCMP).
35. Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce (HKGCC). Developing Hong Kong's creative industries - an action-oriented strategy. Available from (2003). http://www.chamber.org.hk/memberarea/chamber_view/others/Creative_industries.pdf Accessed 1.07.04
36. Hong Kong Trade Development Council (HKTDC). New industrialisation - the way out for Hong Kong's economic transformation. Available from (2001). http://www.tdctrade.com/econforum/boc/boc010601.htm Accessed 15.06.05
37. Hong Kong Trade Development Council (HKTDC). Creative industries in Hong Kong. Available from (2002). http://www.tdctrade.com/econforum/tdc/tdc020902.htm Accessed 15.06.04
38. How to save HK's culture. (2004, April 29). South China Morning Post (SCMP).
39. International Herald Tribune. (2005, January 20). Hong Kong-Shanghai rivalry goes creative.
40. Kearns G., and Philo C. Selling places: The city as cultural capital, past and present (1993), Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York
41. Kim, W. B. (2001, October 11-12). Strategic approaches for sustainable cultural development in Asian cities, International Conference on the Culture and Economy of Cities, Jointly organized by the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements and University of New South Wales, Seoul, Korea.
42. King A.D. Worlds in the city: Manhattan transfer and the ascendance of spectacular space. Planning Perspectives 11 2 (1996) 97-114
43. Kong L. Cultural policy in Singapore: negotiating economic and socio-cultural agendas. Geoforum 31 (2000) 409-424
44. Kong L. The sociality of cultural industries: Hong Kong's cultural policy and film industry. International Journal of Cultural Policy 11 1 (2005) 61-76
45. Kong L., Gibson C., Khoo L.-M., and Semple A.M. Knowledges of the creative economy: towards a relational geography of diffusion and adaptation in Asia. Asia Pacific Viewpoint 47 2 (2006) 173-194
46. Kong L., and Yeoh B. The politics of landscapes in Singapore: Constructions of 'Nation' (2003), Syracuse University Press, Syracuse
47. Kuai D.S. 1998-1999: Overall summary of Shanghai's blue print for its cultural development. In: Yin J.Z. (Ed). A report of cultural development in Shanghai 2000 (2000), Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press, Shanghai 1-30 [In Chinese]
48. Lawmakers urge land-policy review. (2004, June 17). South China Morning Post (SCMP).
49. Let's not lose National Library too. (1998, December 8). Straits Times, The (ST).
50. Lim L.Y., and Choo M. Singapore as a global city: strategies and key issues. Urban Futures 19 (1995) 90-96
51. Logan W. The disappearing Asian city: Protecting Asia's heritage townscapes in the face of economic and cultural globalization (2001), Oxford University Press, Oxford
52. Lost in a concrete jungle. (2004, 18 March). Shanghai Star.
53. Lu H.C. Nostalgia for the future: the resurgence of an alienated culture in China. Pacific Affairs 75 2 (2002) 169-186
54. McNeill D. Skyscraper geography. Progress in Human Geography 29 1 (2005) 41-55
55. Ministry of Information and the Arts (MITA). Renaissance City Report (2000), Ministry of Information and the Arts, Singapore
56. Ministry of Information and the Arts (MITA). Imagi, a new agenda for a creative and connected nation: Investing in Singapore's cultural capital (2002), Ministry of Information and the Arts, Singapore
57. Napack J. The selling of Shanghai. Art in America 89 7 (2001) 36-37
58. Ning Y., and Yan Z. The changing industrial and spatial structure in Shanghai. Urban Geography 16 7 (1995) 577-594
59. OECD International Symposium: Enhancing City Attractiveness For The Future. (2005, June 2-3). Nagoya, Japan. Available from www.oecd.org/dataoecd/37/63/34916861.pdf.
60. Ohmae K. The end of the nation state: The rise of regional economies (1995), Harper Collins, London
61. Olds K. Globalization and the production of new urban spaces: Pacific Rim megaprojects in the late 20th century. Environment and Planning A 27 11 (1995) 1713-1743
62. Olds K. Globalisation and urban change: Capital, culture and Pacific Rim mega-projects (2001), Oxford University Press, Oxford
63. Pieterse J.N. Globalisation as hybridisation. International Sociology 9 2 (1994) 161-184
64. Policy Address. (1999). Quality people, quality home: positioning Hong Kong for the 21st century. Available from http://sc.info.gov.hk/gb/www.policyaddress.gov.hk/pa99/english/highlight.htm.
65. Review of arts district project demanded. (2004, June 2). South China Morning Post (SCMP).
66. Shanghai aims to seek cultural superiority. (2000, 13 November). Irish Times.
67. Shanghai covets a big role on Asia's cultural-stage. (2004, July 1). The New York Times.
68. Skeldon R. Hong Kong: colonial city to global city to provincial city?. Cities 14 5 (1997) 265-271
69. Smyth H. Marketing the city - The role of flagship developments in urban regeneration (1995), Chapman and Hall, London
70. Tamotsu A. Shanghai's soft power shows the way forward. Japan Echo 29 3 (2002) 58-62
71. Temelova, J. (2005, May 10-14). The role of high profile building in physical revitalization of inner city: Case study of Golden Angel Project in Prague. Paper presented at The Inaugural Nordic Geographers' Meeting, Lund, Sweden. Available from www.ngm.cc/html/papers/paper_temelova.pdf.
72. Tsang, D. (2005, March 18). Government shares vision with community, Speech by the Chief Secretary for Administration Donald Tsang. Available from http://news.gov.hk/en/category/ontherecord/050319/html/050319en11001.htm.
73. Tuan Y.F. Topophilia - A study of environmental perception, attitudes and values (1974), Prentice-Hall, New Jersey
74. Tung, C. H. (2005). Working together for economic development and social harmony, Policy Address 2005 by Chief Executive Hong Kong SAR. Available from http://www.policyaddress.gov.hk/2005/eng/hightlights_2.htm.
75. Vale L. Architecture, power and national identity (1992), Yale University Press, New Haven
76. Wang W.Y., and Ye Z.Q. Developing the cultural industries as Shanghai's core industry: possibilities and strategies. In: Yin J.Z. (Ed). A report of cultural development in Shanghai 2000 (2000), Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press, Shanghai 31-55 [In Chinese]
77. Wu F.L. The global and local dimensions of place-making: remaking Shanghai as a world city. Urban Studies 37 8 (2000) 1359-1377
78. Wu W.P. City profile: Shanghai. Cities 16 3 (1999) 207-216
79. Wu, W. P. (2002, August 21-22). Rejuvenating Shanghai's cosmopolitan culture: municipal strategies and the transformation of the built environment. Paper presented at a conference on Culture, Economy and Place: Asia-Pacific Perspectives, University of New South Wales.
80. Yatsko P. New Shanghai: The rocky rebirth of China's legendary city (2001), John Wiley & Sons, New York
81. Yusuf S., and Wu W.P. Pathways to a world city: Shanghai rising in an era of globalization. Urban Studies 39 7 (2002) 1213-1240