No color line at Loretto Academy: Catholic sisters and African Americans on Chicago's South side

Journal of Women's History

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 8-33

  Hoy, Suellen ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 34247459702     PISSN: 10427961     EISSN: 15272036     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jowh.2002.0021     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. John Higham, ed. Civil Rights and Social Wrongs: Black-White Relations Since World War II (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), 9.
2. Martin Luther King, Jr., in Chicago Defender [weekly edition], 31 July,-6 August 1965 (King).
3. See also, James F. Findlay, Jr., Church People in the Struggle: The National Council of Churches and the Black Freedom Movement, 1950-1970 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993);
4. Gerald Gamm, Urban Exodus: Why the Jews Left Boston and the Catholics Stayed (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999);
5. John T. McGreevy, Parish Boundaries: The Catholic Encounter with Race in the Twentieth-Century Urban North (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996);
6. and Charles Marsh, God's Long Summer: Stories of Faith and Civil Rights (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997).
7. Maureen A. Flanagan, "Women in the City, Women of the City: Where Do Women Fit in Urban History?" Journal of Urban History 23 (March 1997): 252. The church hierarchy also regarded nuns as "other." This had both a positive and negative effect: they could develop their institutions as they wished, but then the hierarchy had no real stake in supporting them.
8. Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996), 250-51.
9. John Dittmer, Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994).
10. Ernest Tucker, "School's Color Changing but Not Teaching," Chicago's American, 7 August 1960.
11. Catholic high schools in Chicago have generally relied on their own resources to survive, while elementary schools are usually subsidized by parishes or the archdiocese. Such was the case with the Loretto and Mercy schools. See James W. Sanders, The Education of the Urban Minority: Catholics in Chicago, 1833-1965 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 198.
12. Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America (New York: Random House, 1991), 6;
13. Charles E. Silberman, Crisis in Black and White (New York: Random House, 1964), 319-20;
14. "Woodlawn as Noteworthy Unit in Growth," Chicago Commerce, 5 June 1920;
15. and Lloyd General, "Wave of Migration to Chicago Comes to an End," Chicago Defender [weekly edition], 29 December 1962-4 January 1963.
16. Silberman, Crisis in Black and White, 319;
17. Lemann, Promised Land, 5-6, 70;
18. Winston Moore, Charles P. Livermore, and George F. Galland, Jr., "Woodlawn: The Zone of Destruction," Public Interest 20 (winter 1973): 44-45;
19. and Perry R. Duis and Glen E. Holt, "Checking in at the Fair: The Hotel Boom of the 1893 Columbian Exposition Left a Legacy to be Learned from," Chicago (July 1982), 84-86.
20. Roi Ottley, "Why Negroes Flock to the North," Chicago Tribune, 29 April 1956.
21. Quoted in Steven M. Avella, This Confident Church: Catholic Leadership and Life in Chicago, 1940-1965 (South Bend, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992), 307.
22. "Annals of Loretto Academy-Woodlawn: September 1945-1965," in Loretto Archives.
23. "Loretto Academy New Courses, Clings to Old Ideals." New World, 21 August 1953.
24. Rev. Anthony J. Vader, pastor of Holy Name of Mary Parish, Morgan Park, to author, 31 October 1996;
25. and Reverend Anthony J. Vader, "Racial Segregation within Catholic Institutions in Chicago: A Study in Behavior and Attitudes" (M.A. thesis, University of Chicago, 1962).
26. and George V. Fornero, "The Expansion and Decline of Enrollment and Facilities of Secondary Schools in the Archdiocese of Chicago, 1955-1980: A Historical Study" (Ph.D. diss., Loyola University of Chicago, 1990), 278.
27. Philip Gleason, Contending with Modernity: Catholic Higher Education in the Twentieth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995),157-58;
28. David Goldweber, "Home at Last [McKay]," Commonweal, 10 September 1999, 12.
29. Mary Robert Dennis, SBS, "St. Elizabeth's Parish and the Negro" (M.A. thesis, Loyola University, 1940), 39-40.
30. Mary Magray, The Transforming Power of the Nuns: Women, Religion, & Culture Change in Ireland, 1750-1900 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 8;
31. "Modern Girl Chooses Ideal," Loretto Spire, January 1940.
32. George H. Dunne, King's Pawn: The Memoirs of George H. Dunne, SJ (Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1990), 133-36, 177-78;
33. and Stephen J. Whitfield, Death in the Delta: The Story of Emmett Till (New York: Free Press, 1988).
34. William A. Osborne, The Segregated Covenant: Race Relations and American Catholics (New York: Herder & Herder, 1967), 212.
35. and Casey to Simon, 4 February 1955;
36. Sanders, Education of an Urban Minority, 1999.
37. See John L. Rury, "Race, Space, and the Politics of Chicago's Public Schools: Benjamin Willis and the Tragedy of Urban Education," History of Education Quarterly 39 (summer 1999): 117-42;
38. and James R. Ralph, Jr., Northern Protest: Martin Luther King, Jr., Chicago, and the Civil Rights Movement (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993), 19-22.
39. Morton Grodzins, "Metropolitan Segregation," Scientific American 197 (October 1957): 33-41;
40. Otis Dudley Duncan and Beverly Duncan, The Negro Population of Chicago: A Study of Residential Succession (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957).
41. Saul Alinsky, "The Urban Immigrant," in Roman Catholicism and the American Way of Life, ed. Thomas T. McAvoy (Notre Dame, Ind.; University of Notre Dame Press, 1960), 151;
42. and Fornero, " Expansion and Decline," 413-18.
43. William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), 5.
44. See also, Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1962);
45. and Sugrue, Origins of the Urban Crisis.
46. Sanford D. Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel: Saul Alinsky-His Life and Legacy (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989), 365-89, 400;
47. Rooney, Women for All Time, 196;
48. Chicago Defender [weekly edition], 23-28 July 1961;
49. Chicago Daily News, 23 August 1961;
50. Catholic Interracial Council of Chicago to Ladies of Loretto 14 February 1963, Loretto Archives;
51. and Margery Frisbie, An Alley in Chicago: The Ministry of a City Priest (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1991).
52. Rooney, "I Know a Man," 135-37;
53. See also Angelica Seng, OSF, "The Sister in the New City," in The Changing Sister, ed. Charles Borromeo Muckenhirn, CSC (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1965), 242-43.
54. Chicago Tribune, 19 December 1968. Chicago's Kennedy-King College took over the Center.
55. Tucker, "School's Color Changing, but Not Teaching"; responses from former Loretto students to author's questionnaire (March 1997);
56. "The Principal Who Woke Up a School," 1967 Lorettan, 3;
57. See also Wilson, When Work Disappears, 30-32;
58. Henry Glassie, Passing the Time in Ballymenone (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982), 424.
59. and Louis Rosen, The South Side: The Racial Transformation of an American Neighborhood (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1998), 95-128.
60. "The Blitz of Woodlawn," Chicago Daily News, 6 July, 1971;
61. and Michael D. Wamble, "Mt. Carmel: A Century of Stability and Growth," Catholic [Chicago] New World, 5 December 1999.
62. Lorraine Forte, "S. Siders Share a Mission," Chicago Sun-Times, 22 January 1997. Despite several attempts to obtain information from Mt. Carmel, I was not successful. Hence I have used what is available in public sources or archival collections.
63. Mary Madigan, IBVM, to Mattie Butler, 24 February 1983;