Women coffee sorters confront the mill owners and the Veracruz revolutionary state, 1915-1918

Journal of Women's History

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 34-63

  Fowler Salamini, Heather ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 34247444155     PISSN: 10427961     EISSN: 15272036     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jowh.2002.0027     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. and Ruth Berins Collier and David Collier, Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement and Regime Dynamics in Latin America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991).
2. See, John D. French and Daniel James, eds., The Gendered Worlds of Latin American Women Workers. From Household and Factory to the Union Hall and Ballot Box (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1997);
3. Thomas Miller Klubbock, Contested Communities. Class, Gender, and Politics in Chile's El Teniente Copper Mine, 1904-1951 (Durham, N.C: Duke University Press, 1997),
4. and Ann Farnsworth-Alvear, Dulcinea in the Factory. Myths, Morals, Men and Women in Colombia's Industrial Experiment, 1905-1960 (Durham, N.C.: Duke (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000). For Mexico, Dawn Keremetsis, Carmen Ramon Escandón and Fiona Wilson were the pioneers in the field.
5. See Dawn Keremetis, "Del metate al molino: la mujer mexicana de 1910 a 1940," Historia Mexicana, 33 (Oct-Dec 1983): 285-303;
6. Carmen Ramon Escandón, "Mujeres trabajadoras en el México porfiriano: Género e ideología del trabajo femenino, 1876-1911," Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe, 48 (1990): 27-48;
7. and Fiona Wilson, De la casa al taller. Mujeres, trabajo y clase social en la industria textil y del vestido. Santiago Tangamandapio (Zamora, Mexico: El Colegio de Michoacán, 1990).
8. Joan Wallach Scott, "Gender as a Useful Category of Historical Analysis," in Gender and the Politics of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), 42.
9. Temma Kaplan, "Female Consciousness and Collective Action: The Case of Barcelona, 1910-1918," Signs, 8, no. 3 (spring 1982): 544-66, esp. 545, 564-6.
10. See also Louise A. Tilly, "Paths of Proletarianization: Organization of Production, Sexual Division of Labor, and Women's Collective Action" Signs, 8, no. 2 (winter 1981): 400-17, esp. 416.
11. See John D. French and Mary Lynn Pedersen Cluff, "Women and Working-Class Mobilization in Postwar São Paulo, 1945-1948," in Gendered Worlds, 177, 190;
12. and Andrew Grant Wood, Revolution in the Street. Women, Workers, and Urban Protest in Veracruz, 1870-1927 (Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 2001).
13. Gilbert M. Joseph and Daniel Nugent, "Popular Culture and State Formation in Revolutionary Mexico," in Everyday Forms of State Formation. Revolution and Negotiation of Rule in Modern Mexico, ed. Gilbert M. Joseph and Daniel Nugent (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1994), 12.
14. Emma Pérez and Stephanie Smith's work on the Yucatan is an exception to this generalization. They argue that Yucatec middle and lower class women through the court system coaxed Salvador Alvarado's moderate socialist nationalist movement to address gender issues. See Emma Pérez, The Decolonial Imaginary. Writing Chicanas into History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), 49-54;
15. and Stephanie Smith, "Dance of Complicity: Gender and Revolutionary Justice, 1915-1918," Latin American Studies Association Congress, 6-8 September 2001.
16. James C. Scott, Domination and the Arts of Resistance (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1990), 2-4.
17. Heather Fowler-Salamini, "Coffee, Work, and Gender in Córdoba, Veracruz (1850-1910)," in Women of the Mexican Countryside. Creating Spaces, Shaping Transitions, ed. Heather Fowler-Salamini and Mary Kay Vaughan (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994), 55.
18. See also Daniela Spenser, "Soconusco: The Formation of a Coffee Economy in Chiapas," in Other Mexicos: Essays on Regional Mexican History ed. Thomas Benjamin and William McNellie (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984), 124-43.
19. Most descriptions of coffee processing do not mention the sorting stage. For example, see William Roseberry "Introduction," Coffee, Society and Power in Latin America, ed. William Roseberry, Lowell Gudmundson, and Mario Samper Kutschbach (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 13.
20. For a photographic trip tracing the evolution of coffee sorting in the first half of the century, see Heather Fowler-Salamini, "Fotografía y Mujeres: Las desmanchadoras," Memorial, Boletín del Archive General del Estado de Veracruz II: 2 (junio-agosto 1999): 3-8.
21. See also Cecilia Sheridan Prieto, Mujer obrera y organización sindical. El sindicato de obreras desmanchadoras de café, Coatepec, Veracruz: un estudio histórico-monográfico (Mexico City: Casa Chata, 1984, 28-29.
22. Olivia Domínguez Pérez, "Historia de una lucha: Obreras desmanchadoras de café en Coatepec," Estudios Sociales (Guadalajara) I, no. 1 (July-October 1984): 3-28, esp. 16;
23. and Sheridan Prieto, El sindicato, 21.
24. Ricardo Corzo, José González Sierra, y David Skerritt Gardner, . . . nunca un desleal: Cándido Aguilar (1889-1960) (Mexico City: El Colegio de México and Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz, 1986), 39-74.
25. Marjorie Clark, Organized Labor in Mexico (New York: Russell and Russell, 1934), 29;
26. Ramon Eduardo Ruiz, Labor and Ambivalent Revolutionaries. Mexico, 1911-23 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), 49-51;
27. Berta Ulloa, Veracruz, capital de la nación (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 1986), 47-56;
28. and John M. Hart, Anarchism and the Mexican Working Class, 1860-1931 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978), 127-36.
29. and Thomas Benjamin, "Laboratories of the New State, 1920-1929," in Provinces of the Revolution. Essays on Regional Mexican History, 1910-1929, ed. Thomas Benjamin and Mark Wasserman (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1990), 71.
30. Ulloa, Veracruz, 57.
31. Oficina Central de Propaganda Revolucionaria, "Programa," Archivo Municipal de Córdoba (Hereafter cited as AMC), #346, Exp. Leyes y Decretos, emphasis is author's. See also Hart, Anarchism, 135.
32. Leafar Agetro, Las luchas proletarias en Veracruz (Jalapa: Editorial Barricada, 1942), 167-71;
33. and Corzo, Skerritt, and González, . . . nunca un desleal, 59-61.
34. See Pablo González Casanova, La close obrera en la historia de México. v. 6, En el primero gobierno constitucional (1917-1920), 4th ed. (Mexico City: Siglo XXI, 1996), 22-36.
35. Jacinto Huitrón, Orígenes e historia del movimiento obrero en México, 2d ed. (Mexico City: Editores Mexicanos Unidos, 1980), 39-140;
36. Aurora Gómez-Galvarriato Freer, "The Impact of the Revolution: Business and Labor in the Mexican Textile Industry, Orizaba, Veracruz, 1900-1930," (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1999), 239-49;
37. Ana María Hernández, La mujer mexicana en la industria textil (Mexico D.F.: 1940), 35-9;
38. Huitrón, Orígenes, 215.
39. Sandra McGee Deutsch, "Gender and Sociopolitical Change in Twentieth-Century Latin America," Hispanic American Historical Review, 71, no. 2 (1991): 259-306, esp. 263-66;
40. García Díaz, "1915, Textiles," 72-77;
41. José González Sierra, Monopolio del humo (Jalapa: Universidad Veracruzana 1987), 145-68;
42. and Barry Carr, "The Casa del Obrero Mundial. Constitutionalism and the Pact of February 1915," in El trabajo y los trabajadores en la historia de México, ed. Elsa Cecilia Frost et al. (Tucson: El Colegio de México and University of Arizona Press, 1979), 603-31.
43. Ana Herrera and María Mendoza (Sindicato de Escogedoras de Café y Obreras Tabaqueras) to Junta de Administración Civil, 6 February 1915, AMC, #344, Exp. 25, Sindicato de Cargadores.
44. González Sierra, El monopolio, 97-98;
45. León Medel y Alvarado, Historia de San Andrés Tuxtla, I (Mexico City: Editorial Citlaltepetl, 1963), 403-4.
46. Kaplan, "Female Consciousness":545-46;
47. and Tilly, "Paths": 415-17.
48. and Abel Juárez Martínez, "Especulación y crisis en el centro de Veracruz, 1915," Anuario, 6 (Centro de Investigaciones Históricas, UV): 231-61.
49. The Orizaba dressmakers framed their demands similiarly. "The struggle for life is getting more and more difficult each day, for the articles of primary necessity, clothes, shoes, etc., are getting more expensive to the degree that the market prices are exhorbitant." Georgina Limones Ceniceros, "Las costureras anarcosindicalistas de Orizaba, 1915," Trabajo, poder y sexualidad ed. Orlandina de Oliveira (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 1989), 238.
50. See Oscar Lewis, Pedro Martínez (New York: Vintage, 1964), 49-53, 463;
51. and Sarah LeVine, Dolor y Alegría. Women and Social Change in Urban Mexico (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1993), 88.
52. Gail Mummert, "From Metate to Despate: Rural Mexican Women's Salaried Labor and the Redefinition of Gendered Spaces and Roles" in Women of the Mexican Countryside, 203-9.
53. Nelly Josefa León Fuentes, "Conformación de un capital en torno a la cafeticultura en la región de Xalapa-Coatepec." (MA thesis, Veracruz Unversity, 1983), 78.
54. and Clark, Organized Labor, 52.
55. Trinidad Hernández (Secretario General del Sindicato de Desmanchadoras de Café) to Municipal President, 8, 13 July 1918, JCCA, #50 (1918).
56. Deborah Levinson-Estada,"The Loneliness of Working-Class Feminism" in Gendered Worlds, 224-25;
57. and Daniel James, Doña María's Story: Life History, Memory and Political Identity (Durham,N.C.: Duke University Press, 2000), 213-43.