Two models of infant welfare in the first half of the twentieth century: New Zealand and the USA

Women's History Review

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 547-558

  Bryder, Linda ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34247444105     PISSN: 09612025     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09612020300200373     Document Type: Review

References (45)

1. Jock Phillips with Ellen Ellis (1992) Brief Encounter: American forces and the New Zealand people, 1942-1945: an illustrated essay (Wellington: Historical Branch, Department of Internal Affairs).
2. The Weekly News, 6 February 1946.
3. M.W. Raffel (1965) A Consultative Committee on Infant and Pre-school Health Services, New Zealand Journal of Public Administration, 28, Part 1, p. 78. Throughout this article I will use its shorter unofficial title, the Plunket Society, rather than the Royal New Zealand Society for the Health of Women and Children.
4. M.H. Watt (1940) Report of the Director-General of Health Reviewing Public-Health Administration in North America, the United Kingdom and Scandinavia, with Consequent Proposals for the Development of the New Zealand System, pp. 30-31 (Wellington: Government Printer).
5. Mrs Vida Jowett, President, Wellington branch of Plunket Society, to Plunket Society President, Mrs Daisy Begg, 6 September 1938, Plunket Society Archives, Hocken Library1, Dunedin (PSA) 239.
6. Cited in Raffel, A Consultative Committee, p. 48.
7. Molly Ladd-Taylor (1994) Mother-Work: women, child welfare and the state, 1890-1930, p. 43 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press).
8. Molly Ladd-Taylor (1990) Women's Health and Public Policy, in Rima Apple (Ed.) Women, Health and Medicine in America: a historical handbook, p. 99 (New York: Garland).
9. Alisa Klaus (1993) Every Child a Lion: the origins of maternal and infant health policy in the United States and France, 1890-1920, p. 88 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press).
10. See also Robyn Muncy (1991) Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform 1890-1935, p. 143 (New York: Oxford University Press).
11. Richard Meckel (1990) Save the Babies: American public health reform and the prevention of infant mortality, 1850-1929, pp. 196, 205 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press).
12. Ladd-Taylor, Mother-Work, p. 168
13. Meckel, Save the Babies, p. 211.
14. Ladd-Taylor, Mother-Work, p. 177.
15. Ladd-Taylor, Women's Health and Public Policy, p. 404.
16. Sydney A. Halpern (1988) American Pediatrics: the social dynamics of professionalism, 1880-1980, p. 94 (Berkeley: University of California Press).
17. See also Muncy, Creating a Female Dominion, pp. 124-125.
18. Report of the Consultative Committee on Infant and Preschool Health Services (1960) (Wellington: Government Printer) p. 6.
19. On the Plunket Society and Maori, see L. Bryder (2001) New Zealand's Infant Welfare Services and Maori, 1907-60, Health and History, 3, pp. 65-86.
20. See, for example, Seth Koven & Sonya Michel (1993) Mothers of a New World: maternalist politics and the origins of welfare states (New York: Routledge);
21. Theda Skocpol (1992) Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: the political origins of social policy in the United States, pp. 36-38 (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press). Melanie Nolan chose to use the label 'gynocentric feminism' to describe what others have called maternalism;
22. see Melanie Nolan (2000) Breadwinning: New Zealand women and the state, p. 33 (Christchurch: Canterbury University Press).
23. Jean Glendinning, Plunket Society Honorary Secretary1, to G.W. Russell, 30 December 1916
24. quoted in Plunket Society, Report of the General Conference 1917, p. 22.
25. On his declining health, see also Barbara Brookes (1993) King. Frederic Truby, 1858-1938, in (1993) The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Volume 2, 1870-1900, p. 258 (Auckland: Bridget Williams Books and Department of Internal Affairs).
26. For detailed discussion of the relationship between Plunket's Central Council and its health professionals, see Linda Bryder (2003) A Voice for Mothers: the Plunket Society and infant welfare, 1907-2000 (Auckland: Auckland University Press).
27. Plunket Society, Report of General Conference 1920, pp. 18-19.
28. Plunket Society (1927) Condensed Summary of Conference Reports 1914-1926, p. 69 (Dunedin: Plunket Society).
29. D.G. McMillan (1935) A National Health Service, New Zealand of Tomorrow, pp. 6, 11 (Wellington: Government Printer).
30. See Derek Dow (1995) Safeguarding the Public Health: a history of the New Zealand Health Department, p. 91 (Wellington: Victoria University Press).
31. Muncy, Creating a Female Dominion, p. 138. See, for example, Dr Frederic Truby King to Mrs Atkinson, Wellington Plunket branch President, 20 June 1910, PSA 89-098-58.
32. New Zealand Observer, 27 June 1908.
33. Drs Main and Scantlebury (1926) Report to the Minister of Public Health on the Welfare of Women and Children, p. 30 (Victoria: Government Printer).
34. On Scantlebury Brown, see P. Grimshaw, M. Lake, A. McGrath & M. Quartly (1996) Creating a Nation, p. 231 (Australia: Penguin).
35. New Zealand Medical Journal (1972), 75, p. 259;
36. Obituary, New Zealand Medical Journal (1939), 38, p. 296.
37. Dr G. Bruton Sweet (1920) The Management of Infants in Health and Sickness, pp. 6, 46 (Auckland: Whitcombe & Tombs).
38. Editor (1938) New Zealand Medical Journal, 37, 200, p. 186.
39. New Zealand Herald, letter to the editor, 18 June 1934.
40. Dominion, 21 June 1938.
41. For further details of the 1938 dispute, see A Voice for Mothers, pp. 92-105.
42. Helen Deem to Harold Pettit, 11 June 1948, PSA 595.
43. Edna Birkenshaw to Helen Deem, 31 May 1950, PSA 581.
44. Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers, p. 521.
45. At the end of the period under discussion, 7.7% married women were in paid employment compared to 15% in the USA. Nolan, Breadwinning, endnote 23, p. 307.