Family outlaws

Philosophical Studies

Volumn 85, Issue 2-3, 1997, Pages 181-193

  Calhoun, Cheshire ^a  

^a Health Services and Department of Biology   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34247418550     PISSN: 00318116     EISSN: 15730883     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/a:1004275316214     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Estelle B. Freedman develops this thesis in "'Uncontrolled Desires': The Response to the Sexual Psychopath 1920-1960." In Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, edited by Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons with Robert A. Padgug (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989).
2. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg and Charles Rosenberg, "The Female Animal: Medical and Biological Views of Woman and Her Tole in Nineteenth-Century America." In Concepts of Health and Disease: Interdisciplinary Perspectives edited by Arthur L. Caplan, H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr. and James J. McCartney (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1981).
3. Quoted in George Chauncey, Jr., "From Sexual Inversion to Homosexuality: The Changing Medical Conceptualization of Female 'Deviance'." In Passion and Power, p. 92.
4. Chauncey, Jr., "From Sexual Inversion to Homosexuality";
5. Lilian Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love between Women from the Renaissance to the Present (New York: William Morrow, 1981);
6. Lilian Faderman, "Nineteenth-Century Boston Marriage as a Possible Lesson for Today," in Boston Marriages: Romantic but Asexual Relationships Among Contemporary Lesbians, edited by Esther D. Rothblum and Kathleen A. Brehony (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993).
7. Lisa Duggan, "The Trials of Alice Mitchell: Sensationalism, Sexology, and the Lesbian Subject in Turn-of-the-Century America." Signs 18 (1993): 791-814, p. 808.
8. See Estelle B. Freedman, "'Uncontrolled Desires'";
9. John D'Emilio, "The Homosexual Menace: The Politics of Sexuality in Cold War America," in Passion and Power,
10. George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994).
11. D'Emilio, "The Homosexual Menace," p. 233.
12. Chauncey, Gay New York. One of his central aims in this work is to argue that the hetero-homosexual binarism is of significantly more recent invention than generally acknowledged.
13. Chauncey, Gay New York. Ibid.
14. This point is made by Freedman in "'Uncontrolled Desires'."
15. John D'Emilio, in "The Homosexual Menace," points out that there was virtually no evidence supporting McCarthy era allegations that lesbians and gays were vulnerable to blackmail and hence unsuitable for government employment. He suggests that the massive efforts to counter the "homosexual menace" can only be explained as a result of the depression and WW II's disruption of family life, gender arrangements and patterns of sexuality.
16. Freedman, "'Uncontrolled Desires,'"
17. D'Emilio, "The Homosexual Menace".
18. Fear that the child will be sexually molested is one reason for denying lesbians custody of their children.
19. For an exhaustive discussion of the inadequacies of the one-mother, one-father assumption to both heterosexual and gay/lesbian families see Nancy D. Polikoff, "This Child Does Have Two Mothers," The Georgetown Law Journal 78 (1990): 459-575.
20. Judith Stacey cites one San Francisco study of divorced couples as revealing that one third of them sustained kinship ties with former spouses and their relatives. (Brave New Families: Stories of Domestic Upheaval in Late Twentieth Century America [New York: Basic Book, 1990], p. 254). "Divorced-extended" is her term.
21. Stacey, Brave New Families, pp. 251-257.
22. Stacey, Brave New Families, Ibid., p. 17.
23. Kath Weston, Families We Choose: Lesbians, Gays, Kinship (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991).
24. Quoted in Jeffrey Weeks, "Pretended Family Relationships." In Against Nature: Essays on History Sexuality and Identity (London: Rivers Oram Press, 1991), p. 137.
25. Although courts are moving to the assumption that the mother's lesbianism per se is not a bar to her fitness as a parent, this did not prevent the Virginia Supreme Court in the recent case of Bottoms v. Bottoms from ruling that, even so, active lesbianism on the part of the mother could be a bar to her fitness.
26. John M. Finnis, "Law, Morality, and 'Sexual Orientation," Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics, and Public Policy 9 (1995): 11-39, p. 32.
27. Justice White, in Bowers v. Hardwick argued that homosexual sodomy is not protected by the right to privacy because, in his view, the right to privacy protects the private sphere of family, marriage, and procreation and he opined that there was no connection between family, marriage, and procreation on the one hand, and homosexuality on the other.