Indigenous Island Empires: Yap and Tonga considered

Journal of Pacific History

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 5-27

  Petersen, Glenn ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34247321775     PISSN: 00223344     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00223340050052275     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Geoffrey Irwin, The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonisation of the Pacific (New York 1992), 179-201
2. Douglas Oliver, Oceania: Native Cultures of Australia and the Pacific Islands, vol. 1 (Honolulu 1989), 521-89, 584
3. Hage and Harary have tried to move the analysis of island exchange networks beyond the stage that Oliver termed banal. Pointing to precedents in Schwartz's essay on 'systems of areal integration' and Friedman's suggestion that 'Micronesia, especially western and central, shows clear resemblances to Western Polynesia', including 'large scale regional exchange systems (the Yap 'empire')', they analyse aspects of Yap's network in terms comparable with the Tongan case. Theodore Schwartz, 'Systems of areal integration', Anthropological Forum, 2 (1963), 56-97
4. Jonathan Friedman, 'Notes on structure and history in Oceania', Folk, 23 (1981), 275-95
5. They also cite Gifford's Tongan work, in which he drew attention to 'obvious parallels' with Micronesia. Per Hage and Frank Harary, Island Networks (New York 1996), 125
6. Edward Gifford, Tongan Society (Honolulu 1929), 350
7. William Alkire, Lamotrek Atoll and Inter-island Socioeconomic Ties (Prospect Heights 1989), 127
8. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel (New York 1997), 64
9. Cathy Small, Voyages (Ithaca 1997), 14
10. 'Okusitino Māhina, 'Myths and History: some Aspects of the Tu'i Tonga Myths', in P. Herda, J. Terrell, and N. Gunson (eds), Tongan Culture and History (Canberra 1990), 30-45
11. David Luders, 'Legend and history: did the Vanuatu-Tonga kava trade cease in AD 1447?', Journal of the Polynesian Society, 105 (1996), 303
12. Christine Gailey, Kinship to Kingship (Austin 1987), 67
13. Gifford, Tongan Society, 14-15
14. Gunson subjects Gifford's work to careful scrutiny and casts considerable doubt on its reliability in this regard. Niel Gunson, 'The hau concept of leadership in western Polynesia', Journal of Pacific History, 14(1979), 37
15. Patrick Kirch, Niuatoputapu: The Prehistory of a Polynesian Chiefdom (Seattle 1988), 8-12, 24, 257-8
16. Irwin, Prehistoric Exploration, 202
17. Peter Bellwood, The Polynesians (London 1978), 69
18. Jens Poulsen, Early Tongan Prehistory, vol. 1, Tena Australis, 12 (1987), 24
19. Niel Gunson, 'The Tonga - Samoa connection 1777-1845', Journal of Pacific History, 25 (1990), 177, 187
20. David Burley, 'Settlement pattern and Tongan prehistory'. Journal of the Polynesian Society, 103 (1994), 403
21. 'Mata'uvave and 15th century Ha'apai', Journal of Pacific History, 30 (1995), 169
22. Burley, 'Mata'uvave', 154n
23. Ian Campbell, Island Kingdom: Tonga Ancient and Modern (Christchurch 1992), 10-13
24. Edwin Ferdon, Early Tonga: As the Explorers Saw It (Tucson 1987), 253-6
25. Adriemie Kaeppler, 'Exchange patterns in goods and spouses: Fiji, Tonga and Samoa', Mankind, 11 (1978), 248-51, 246
26. Gunson, 'The Tonga - Samoa connection', 187
27. Gunson, 'The hau concept of leadership', 29
28. Ferdon, Early Tonga, 255-6
29. Elizabeth Bott, 'Power and rank in the Kingdom of Tonga', Journal of the Polynesian Society, 90 ( 1982), 37, 160, 158
30. Campbell, Island Kingdom, 10, 68-70, 49
31. Patrick Kirch, The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms (New York 1984), 240
32. Kirch, Niuatoputapu, i
33. Bott, Tower and rank', 11-55
34. Alkire, Lamotrek, 4
35. Sherwood Lingenfelter, Tap: Political Leadership and, Culture Change in an Island, Society (Honolulu 1975), 147
36. Kenneth Brower, A Song for Satawal (New York 1983), 25
37. Norman Meller, The Congress of Micronesia (Honolul
38. Leonard Mason, 'Suprafamilial Authority and Economic Process in Micronesian Atolls', in A.P. Vayda (ed.), Peoples and Cultures of the Pacific (Garden City 1968), 296
39. Kerry Howe, Where the Waves Fall (Honolulu 1984), 52, 63
40. Douglas Oliver, Native Cultures of the Pacific Islands (Honolulu 1989), 84-5
41. Oliver, Oceania: Native Cultures of Australia and the Pacific Islands, 580-1
42. William Lessa, 'The place of Ulithi in the Yap Empire', Human Organization, 9 (1950), 16-18
43. William Lessa, 'Ulithi and the outer native world', American Anthropologist, 52 (1950), 29
44. William Lessa, 'Myth and blackmail in the Western Carolines', Journal of the Polynesian Society, 65 (1956), 67
45. Lingenfelter, Yap, 147
46. Lessa, 'Ulithi and the outer', 41
47. Lessa, 'Ulithi and the outer, 32
48. William Lessa, Ulithi: A Micronesian Design for Living (New York 1986), 35
49. William Alkire, Art Introduction to the Peoples and Cultures of Micronesia, 2nd edn (Menlo Park 1977), 48-9
50. Alkire., Lamotrek, 4, 8-9
51. Alkire, Lamotrek, 6, 145, 168-9
52. William Alkire, 'Technical knowledge and the evolution of political systems in the central and western Caroline Islands of Micronesia', Canadian Journal of Anthropology, 1 (1980), 229-37
53. Rosalind Hunter-Anderson and Yigal Zan, 'Demystifying the sawei, a traditional interisland exchange system', Isla, 4 ( 1996), 1-45
54. The approaches of Alkire and Hunter-Anderson and Zan are compared at length in Glenn Petersen, 'On rank and conical clans in the Caroline Islands', Journal of the Polynesian Society, 108 (1999), 367-410
55. The only histor sociopolitical organisation and indigenous political activities under colonial regimes is H anion's, which deals almost exclusively with Pohnpei, in the Eastern Carolines. David Hanlon, Upon a Stone Altar (Honolulu 1984)
56. This is a point Bronwen Douglas has made regarding ethnological distinctions between Polynesia and Melanesia: 'Traditional leadership in South Pacific societies', Journal of Pacific History, 14 (1979), 2-27
57. Alkire, Lamotrek, 3
58. David Lewis, We the Navigators (Honolulu 1973), 282
59. In the Discourses, dealing with ancient Rome, Machiavelli comments on 'how useful religion was in controlling the armies, in giving courage to the plebeians, in keeping men good, and in shaming the wicked'. Niccolo Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy (Oxford 1997), 51 (Book 1, ch. 11)
60. 'The. baraka, mana, or charisma (to use tenus from other cultures) of the successful actor thus consisted both in the quality of personality that commanded good fortune and in the quality that dealt effectively and nobly with whatever fortune might send; and the Roman tenu for this complex characteristic was virtus'. J.G.A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment (Princeton 1975), 37
61. Campbell, Island Kingdom
62. Gunson, 'The Tonga - Samoa connection'
63. Alkire, Lamofrek, 169
64. Kaeppler, 'Exchange patterns', 251
65. Hage and Harary, Island Networks, 124, 137
66. Judith Huntsman and Antony Hooper, Tokelan: A Historical Ethnography (Honolulu 1996), 180
67. In The Prince, Machiavelli argues: 'When a state accustomed to live in freedom under its own laws is acquired, there are three ways of keeping it: the first is to destroy it; the second is to go live there in person; the third is to let it continue to live under its own laws, taking tribute from it, and setting up a government composed of a few men who will keep it friendly to you. Such a government, being the creature of the prince, will be aware that it cannot survive without his friendship and support, and it will do everything to maintain his authority. A city which is used to freedom is more easily controlled by means of its own citizens than by any other, provided one chooses not to destroy it.' Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince (New York 1981), 24 (ch. 5)
68. Philip Mason, Patterns of Dominance (London 1970), 66-80
69. Michael Doyle, Empires (Ithaca 1986), 36, 37
70. Steven Hook, 'Self-interest and foreign economic policy: a cross-national perspective', International Studies Notes, 19:1 (1994), 26-36
71. Hugh Elton, Frontiers of the Roman Empire (Bloomington 1996], 5 (emphasis added)
72. Erich Gruen, The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome (Berkeley 1984)
73. Jack Greene, Negotiated Authorities (Charlottesville 1994), 1-2