Colombian institutions in the twentieth century

International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 235-255

  Kalmanovitz, Salomón ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34247299770     PISSN: 08914486     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1007877416678     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. This essay owes much to many neoinstitutionalist economists and historians. I should only mention a few of the works that have served as the theoretical foundations of this paper. Douglass North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990);
2. Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1965);
3. and Douglass North and Barry Weinsgat, "Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England," in Lee J. Alston, Thráinn Eggertsson, and Douglass C. North, eds. Empirical Studies in Institutional Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 134-165.
4. Jaime Jaramillo Uribe, Adolfo Meisel, and Miguel Urrutia, "Continuities and Discontinuities in the Fiscal and Monetary Institutions of New Grenada, 1783-1850," Borradores Semanales de Economía, No. 74 (Bogotá: Banco de la República, 1997). Domestic product estimated by the author.
5. John Phalen, El pueblo y el rey (Bogotá: El Ancora, 1982), p. 218.
6. José Antonio Ocampo and Santiago Montenegro, Crisis mundial, protección e industrializatión (Bogotá: Editorial Cerec, 1984), p. 349.
7. José Antonio Ocampo and Santiago Montenegro, Crisis mundial, protección e industrializatión Ibid., p. 350.
8. GRECO 2, (Bogotá: Banco de la República, 1998).
9. Alberto Lieras Camargo, Memorias (Bogotá: Banco de la República-El Ancora, 1997), p. 38.
10. Roberto Junguito, La deuda externa en el siglo XIX: Cien años de incumplimiento (Bogotá: Tercer Mundo Editores-Banco de la República, 1995), pp. 284-285.
11. Germán Colmenares, "Censos y capellanías: Formas de crédito en una economía agrícola," in Cali, terratenientes, mineros y comerciantes (Cali: Universidad del Valle, 1975), pp. 61-77. Nationalization of church lands by General Mosquera cancelled the debts incurred by landowners to the Church, whether as loans or as bequests to pay for prayers for the souls of the dead; since it eliminated the collateral held by this odd type of bank, it also greatly enlarged the market for land.
12. Lina Echeverri, "Banca libre: La experiencia colombiana en el siglo XIX," in Fabio Sánchez Torres (ed.) Ensayos de historia monetaria y bancaria de Colombia (Bogotá: Tercer Mundo Editores, 1994), pp. 305-331.
13. Robert Charles Means, Underdevelopment and the Development of Law (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1980), p. 166.
14. David Bushnell, The Making of Modern Colombia: A Nation in Spite of Itself (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), p. 144.
15. Frank Safford, El ideal de lo práctico (Bogotá: Universidad Nacional, El Ancora Editores, 1989), pp. 221-252. In 1887 there were fewer than 200 engineers in Colombia, a good many of them politicians, not very reliable professionally.
16. Only 7 percent of the male population in the 1870 population census were engaged in manual trades or manufacturing.
17. Cecilia Henríquez, Imperio y ocaso del sagrado corazón en Colombia (Altamir Ediciones, Bogotá, 1996), pp. 81-99.
18. The 1870 census recorded 1,082 teachers, 1,672 monks, and 402 nuns, in a population of 2.9 million. The figure results from dividing the number of students (60,155) into the population under 21. The number of idle children was given as 779,482, which would be 62.5 percent of the population under 21. Miguel Urrutia and Mario Arrubla, Compendio de estadísticas históricas de Colombia (Bogotá: Universidad Nacional, 1970), pp. 9-30.
19. Salomón Kamanovitz and Mauricio Avella, "Barreras del desarrollo financicro: Las instituciones monetarias colombianas," Revista del Banco de la República, September, 1998 (Bogotá: Banco de la República), pp. 20-65.
20. Adolfo Meisel, "El Banco de la República 1946-1954, y la Reforma de 1951," in El Banco de la República: Antecedentes, evolutión y estructura (Bogotá: Banco de la República, 1990), p. 424.
21. Alberto Carrasquilla, Establilidad y gradualismo (Bogotá: Tercer Mundo Editores and Banco de la República, 1999), p. 56.
22. The Constitutional Court has even modified taxes decreed by the executive under emergency powers or substituted Congress on public hearings regarding housing financing, breaking up the basic principle that taxes and laws have to be approved by the representatives of the people. Salomon Kalmanovitz, "Las consecuencias económicas de la Corte Constitutional," Economía Colombiana (Bogotá: Contraloría General de la Nación, November 1999), pp. 124-130.
23. Mauricio Rubio, Crimen e impunidad (Bogotá: Tercer Mundo Editores, 1998), Ch. 1.
24. It is noteworthy, for example, that no monograph on law is included in the series of studies on the development of the sciences and professions, Historia social de la ciencia en Colombia, 9 volumes (Bogotá: Colciencias, 1993).
25. Fernando Silva, Educación legal en Colombia (Bogotá: Corporación Excelencia en la Justicia), 1997.
26. Mauricio Rubio, Educación Legal en Colombia op. cit., pp. 82-94.
27. The Constitutional Court has forced the government to come to the aid of defaulting debtors in general and not on a case-by-case basis. It has also heavily punished the private financial sector by shifting all the risk to private entities, while favoring corrupt and reckless public banks. The Court has defended the right of parents not to pay their children's school fees, by denying the schools the right to send these children home; but it has subsequently modified this decision somewhat by allowing the schools to withhold the grades of those who are behind with payments.
28. Robert E. Hall and Charles I. Jones, "Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output per Worker Than Others?" Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 114, February 1999, pp. 83-116.
29. John Sudarsky, El capital social de Colombia, 5 separatas (Bogotá: Departamento Nacional de Planeación, 1998).
30. National Planning Department, Estadísticas históricas de Colombia, Vol. 1 (Bogotá: Departamento Nacional de Planeación, 1998).
31. Hall and Jones, Estadísticas Históricas de Colombia op. cit., p. 114.
32. Sudarsky, Estadísticas Históricas de Colombia op. cit., p. 106.
33. Sudarsky, Estadísticas Históricas de Colombia op. cit., quoting Banfield's 1958 study.
34. According to Puttnam (quoted by Sudarsky), church attendance in Italy has lessened participation in civic organizations. In Colombia, Sudarsky finds, it simply makes no contribution to the social capital.
35. Sudarsky, op. cit., p. 11.
36. Another study concludes that there are many civil organizations in Colombia (almost 184,000). Most are organized by the state or are aid providers, serving welfare purposes, probably charity organizations organized by the Church, with very little scope for representation. They are rated as 1.7. This means they lack "any significant level of autonomy, management authority, or power to make decisions from a perspective of public benefit and the common good." It is also found that civil organization is more extensive where there is a greater presence of the State. Rodrigo Villar Gaviria, María Eugenia Alvarez Orjuela, and Diana Constanza Castillo, "Organización y in Libardo Sarmiento, director, Municipios y regiones de Colombia (Bogotá: Fundación Social, 1999), pp. 119-137.