The creation of 'motherhood' and Women's responses in Britain and France, 1750-1914

Women's History Review

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 201-218

  Yeo, Eileen Janes ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CULTURAL FACTOR; EDUCATION; ETHNOLOGY; FRANCE; GROUP DYNAMICS; HISTORY; LEGAL ASPECT; MOTHER; PERCEPTION; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PUBLIC OPINION; SOCIAL CHANGE; UNITED KINGDOM;

CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON; FRANCE; GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY, 18TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; MOTHERS; PERSONAL SPACE; PUBLIC OPINION; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 34247287738     PISSN: 09612025     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09612029900200202     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. E. Key (1914) The Renaissance of Motherhood, p. 97 (New York: Putnam)
2. Important books which have explored the connection between maternity and the emergence of welfare states include, P. Thane & G. Bock (Eds) (1991) Maternity and Gender Policies: women and the rise of the European welfare states, 1880-1950s (London: Routledge)
3. T. Skocpol (1992) Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: the political origins of social policy in the United States (Cambridge: Harvard University Press)
4. S. Koven & S. Michel (Eds) (1993) Mothers of a New World: maternalist politics and the origins of welfare states (New York: Routledge)
5. S. Pedersen (1993) Family, Dependence and the Origins of the Welfare State: Britain and France, 1914-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
6. V. N. Volosinov ([1929] 1986) Marxism and the Philosophy of Language, tr. L. Matejka & I. Titunik, p. 23 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press)
7. M Foucault ([1976] 1981) The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: an introduction, tr. R. Hurley, p. 136 (Harmondsworth: Penguin)
8. Colbert, quoted in E. Badinter (1991) The Myth of Motherhood: a historical view of the maternal instinct, tr. R. de Garis, p. 126 (London: Souvenir Press)
9. J. Rousseau ([1762] 1991) Emile: or, on education, tr. A Bloom, p. 14 (Harmondsworth: Penguin)
10. The Social Contract, in E. Barker (Ed.)(1960) Social Contract, p. 280 (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
11. The myth is discussed by A. Soboul (1970) La Civilisation et la Revolution Française, vol. 1, ch. 6 (Paris: Arthaud)
12. Rev. T Malthus ([1803] 1989) An Essay on the Principle of Population, Second Essay, ed. P. James, vol. 2, p. 105 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
13. Poor Law Commission (1834) Report from H.M. Commissioners on the Administration and Practical Operation of the Poor Laws, Parliamentary Sessional Papers, vol. xxvii, pp. 98, 94
14. for legislation, see U. R. O. Henriques (1967) Bastardy and the New Poor Law, Past and Present, 39, pp. 112-120
15. Children's Employment Commission (1842) First Report of the Commissioners, Mines, vol. xv, p. 35
16. K. Offen (1984) Depopulation, nationalism and feminism in fin -de-siècle France, American Historical Review, 89, pp. 648-676
17. A. Klaus (1993) Depopulation and race suicide: maternalism and pronatalist ideologies in France and the United States, in Koven & Michel, Mothers of a New World, p. 196
18. A. Cova (1991) French feminism and maternity: theories and policies 1890-1918, in Thane & Bock, Maternity and Gender Policies, p. 129; S
19. Rose & J. Lewis (1995) 'Let England Blush'; protective labor legislation, 1820-1914, in U. Wikander, A Kessler-Harris & J. Lewis (Eds) Protecting Women: labour legislation in Europe, the United States, and Australia, 1880-1920, pp. 104-111 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press)
20. M Wollstonecraft ([1792] 1992), A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, pp. 263-264 (London, Penguin)
21. for evangelical views, see L. Davidoff & C. Hall (1987) Family Fortunes: men and women of the English middle-class, 1780-1850 (London: Hutchinson)
22. Rev. F. Close (1839) A Sermon Addressed to the Female Chartists of Cheltenham ... 25 Aug. 1839, pp. 14-15, 3-5, 8, 13 (London: Hamilton, Adams)
23. B. Smith (1981) Ladies of the Leisure Class: the bourgeoises of northern France in the nineteenth century, especially ch. 5, pp. 105, 109-111, 113, 118, n. 44 (Princeton: Princeton University Press)
24. G. Gullickson (1996) Unruly Women of Paris: images of the Commune, pp. 170-173, 219-225 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press)
25. C. Smith Rosenberg (1975) The female world of love and ritual: relations between women in nineteenth century America, Signs, 1 pp. 8-9, 22-23
26. Davidoff & Hall, Family Fortunes, p. 454
27. Smith, Ladies of the Leisure Class, pp. 154-155
28. Association for the Universal Abolition of Slavery, Ladies Petition for the Abolition of Slavery, 6 April 1838, John Rylands Library, University of Manchester
29. R. Gibson (1989) A Social History of French Catholicism, 1789-1914, pp. 105, 118 (London: Routledge)
30. F. P. Cobbe (1861) Social science congresses and women's part in them, Macmillan 's Magazine, December, p. 90
31. See, for example, M Carpenter (1858) Women's work in the Reformatory Movement, English Woman 's Journal, I
32. also my (1996) Contest for Social Science: relations and representations of gender and class, pp. 122-126 (London: Rivers Oram Press)
33. In the USA influential educator Catherine Beecher rejoiced in 1873 that women like herself could 'establish homes of their own, where if not as the natural mother, yet as a Christ mother, they may take in neglected ones, and train future mothers, teachers and missionaries for the world', quoted in K K Sklar (1973) Catherine Beecher: a study in American domesticity, p. 167 (New Haven: Yale University Press)
34. National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, Transactions (1869), p. 24
35. Cobbe, 'Social science congresses', p. 92
36. see my Contest for Social Science, pp. 127-135
37. J. Wallach Scott (1996) Only Paradoxes to Offer: French feminists and the rights of man, pp. 95, 71, 74-76 for Deroin (Cambridge: Harvard University Press)
38. G Bock (1994) Poverty and mothers' rights in the emerging welfare states, in G. Duby & M Perrot (Eds) A History of Women in the West, vol. 5, pp. 414415 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press)
39. In Germany the concept of spiritual motherhood (geistige mütterlichkeit) was created in the 1850s and linked to the new profession of nursery school teacher: A Taylor Allen (1991) Feminism and Motherhood in Germany, 1800-1914, chs 3-5 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press)
40. Y. Kniebiehler (Ed.) (1980) Nous les Assistantes Sociales: naissance d'une profession. Trente ans de souvenirs des assitantes sociales françaises (1930-1960), pp. 31, 17-19 (Paris: Aubier Montaigne)
41. Dr Georgette Labeaume quoted in S. Reynolds (1996) France between the Wars: gender and politics, p. 137 (London: Routledge)
42. See my (1997) The contradictions of social motherhood, in E. J. Yeo (Ed.) Mary Wollstonecraft and 200 Years of Feminisms, pp. 124-127 (London: Rivers Oram Press)
43. M E. Loane (1907) The Next Street but One, p. 79 (London: Edward Arnold)
44. Reynolds, France between the Wars, p. 34
45. Address of the Female Political Union of Newcastle upon Tyne to their Fellow Countrywomen, Northern Star, 9 February 1839
46. J. Grimmett & M Thomis (1982), Women in Protest, 1800-1850, pp. 28-46, 58-64, 79-80 (London: Croom Helm)
47. 'Appel aux Citoyennes de Paris', Journal Officiel de la République Française sous La Commune, 11 April 1871, which also depicted the civil conflict thus: 'nous, mères, femmes et soeurs de ce peuple français, supporterons-nous plus longtemps que la misère et l'ignorance fassent des ennemis de nos enfants, que père contre fils, que frère contre frère, ils viennent s'entre-tuer sous nos yeux pour le caprice de nos oppresseurs'
48. H. Rogers (1998) 'The prayer, the passion and the reason' of Eliza Sharpies: freethought, women's rights and republicanism, 1832-52 in E J. Yeo (1998) Radical Femininity: women's self-representation in the public sphere, pp. 69-71 (Manchester: Manchester University Press)
49. Fabian Women's Group (1910) A Summary of Eight Papers and Discussion upon the Disabilities of Mothers as Workers, p. 8 (London: Fabian Women's Group)
50. Auclert (1908) quoted in Scott, Paradoxes, p. 120
51. Bock, 'Poverty and mothers' rights', pp. 406-407, 413-415
52. G. Scott (1908) 'As a war-horse to the beat of drums': representations of working-class femininity in the Women's Co-operative Guild, 1880s to the Second World War, in Yeo, Radical Femininity, pp. 201, 206-211
53. Bock, 'Poverty and mothers' rights', p. 407
54. S. Reddish (1894) Organiser's Report, Annual Report of the Women's Cooperative Guild, Co-operative Congress Report, p. 58
55. Llewelyn Davies, Women and citizenship, in Co-operative News, 29 October 1904
56. Fabian Women's Group, Disabilities of Mothers as Workers, p. 7
57. Work on lone mothers includes: K. Kieran, H. Land & J. Lewis (Eds)(1998) Lone Motherhood in Twentieth-century Britain: from footnote to front page (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
58. L. Gordon (1994) Pitied But Not Entitled: single mothers and the history of welfare, 1890-1935 (New York: Free Press)
59. M Ladd & L. Umansky (Eds)(1998) 'Bad' Mothers: the politics of blame in twentieth century America, p. 17, ch. 26 (New York: New York University Press)
60. S. Swain & R. Howe (1995) Single Mothers and their Children: disposal, punishment and survival in Australia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)