Looking beyond the numbers: The struggles of black businesses to survive: A qualitative approach

Journal of Black Studies

Volumn 37, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 581-601

  Bonds, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MILWAUKEE   (United States)

Author keywords

African American businesses; Emerging businesses; Milwaukee; Mom and popstores; Qualitative methods; Wisconsin

Indexed keywords

EID: 34247267657     PISSN: 00219347     EISSN: 15524566     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0021934705280306     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Abramson, A.J., Tobin, M.S. (1994). The changing geography of metropolitan opportunity: The segregation of the poor in the U.S. metropolitan areas, 1970 to 1990. Paper presented at the Fannie Mae Annual Housing Conference, Washington, DC.
2. Affirmative Action Consulting Ltd. Ralph G. Moore Associates. (1992). M/WBE disparity study for the County of Milwaukee, City of Milwaukee and Milwaukee Public Schools. Chicago: Author.
3. Bates, T. (1993). Banking on Black enterprise: The potential of emerging firms for revitalizing urban economics. Washington, DC: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies.
4. Black Enterprise. (2000). African-American business capital outlook, 31(4), 104, 106.
5. Bates, T. (1989). The changing nature of minority business: A comparative analysis of Asian, non-minority and Black-owned businesses. The Review of Black Political Economy, 18, 25-42.
6. Bates, T. (1994). Utilization of minority employees in small business: A comparison of non-minority and Black owned urban enterprises. The Review of Black Political Economy, 23 (1). 113-121.
7. Bates, T. (1997). Unequal access: Financial institution lending to Black- and White-owned small business start-ups. Journal of Urban Affairs, 19 (4). 487-495.
8. Boston, T.D. (1995). Characteristics of Black-owned corporations in Atlanta: With comments on the SMOBE undercount. The Review of Black Political Economy, 23 (4). 85-99.
9. Boston, T.D., Ross, C.L. (1996). Location preferences of successful African-American owned business in Atlanta. The Review of Black Political Economy, 24 (2). 337-357.
10. Chen, G.M. (1993). Minority business development: Where do we go from here? The Review of Black Political Economy, 22 (2). 5-10.
11. Christopher, J.E. (1998). Minority business formation and survival: Evidence on business performance viability. The Review of Black Political Economy, 26 (7). 37-72.
12. City Clerk's Office. (1976-1996). Annual proceedings of the Common Council. Milwaukee, WI: Author.
13. Comptroller's Office. (1996). Annual review of lending practices of financial institutions. Milwaukee, WI: City of Milwaukee.
14. Conta Associates. (1990). A study to identify discriminatory practices in the Milwaukee construction marketplace for the MMSD. Milwaukee, WI: Author.
15. Dedman, B. (1989, January 22). Blacks turned down for home loans from SLs twice as often as Whites. Atlanta Journal-Constitution, pp. 1, 5.
16. Edari, R.S. (1977). The structure of racial inequality in the Milwaukee area. In J. P. Blair R. S. Edari (Eds.). Milwaukee's economy: Market forces, community problems and federal policies (pp. 86-111). Chicago: The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
17. Farrell, W.C., Rose, H.M. (1991). Report of the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District (MMSD) executive director's task force on discrimination in the Milwaukee construction marketplace. Milwaukee, WI: Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District.
18. Feagin, J. R., Orum, A. M., Sjoberg, G. (Eds.). (1991). A case for the case study. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
19. Jargowsky, P.A. (1994). Ghetto poverty among Blacks in the 1980s. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 13 (2). 288-310.
20. Kasarda, J.D. (1993). Inner-city concentrated poverty and neighborhood distress: 1970 to 1990. Paper presented at Fannie Mae Annual Housing Conference, Washington, DC.
21. Levine, M. (2000). The economic state of Black Milwaukee. (2000). In S. F. Battle R. Hornung (Eds.), The state of Black Milwaukee (pp. 171-193). Milwaukee, WI: Milwaukee Urban League.
22. Levine, M.V., Zipp, J.F. (1994). Downtown redevelopment in Milwaukee: Has it delivered for the city ? Milwaukee: University of WisconsinMilwaukee, Center for Economic Development.
23. Massey, D.S., Denton, N.A. (1993). American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
24. McNeely, R.L., Kinlow, M.R. (1987). Milwaukee today: A racial gap study. Milwaukee, WI: Milwaukee Urban League.
25. Merriam, S.B. (1990). Case study research in education: A qualitative approach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
26. Nichols, M. (1995, March 26). Disparity in home values further divides city: For many central city residents, it means less equity. Milwaukee Journal, pp. 1A - 2A.
27. O'Hare, W. (1986). The best metros for African-Americans. American Demographics, 8 (7). 26-29, 33.
28. Patton, M.Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2 nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
29. Rice, M.F. (1993). State and local government set-aside programs, disparity studies, and minority business development in the post-Croson era. Journal of Urban Affairs, 15 (6). 529-553.
30. Rose, H.M. (1992). The employment status of young African American males residing in poverty households: Recent Milwaukee County experience. Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Employment and Training Institute.
31. Rose, H.M., Edari, R.S., Quinn, L.M., Pawasarat, J. (1992). The labor market experience of young African American men from low-income families in Wisconsin. Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Employment and Training Institute.
32. Servon, L.J., Bates, T. (1998). Micro enterprise as an exit route from poverty. Journal of Urban Affairs, 20 (4). 419-441.
33. Silverman, R.M. (1999 a). Black business, group resources, and the economic detour: Contemporary Black manufacturers in Chicago's ethnic beauty aids industry. Journal of Black Studies, 30 (2). 232-258.
34. Silverman, R.M. (1999 b). Ethnic solidarity and Black businesses: The case of ethnic beauty aids distributors in Chicago. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 58 (4). 829-841.
35. Squires, G.D. (1994). Capital and communities in African American and Caucasian: The intersections of race, class, and uneven development. Albany: State University of New York Albany.
36. Squires, G.D., Velez, W. (1987). Insurance redlining and the transformation of an urban metropolis. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 23 (1). 63-83.
37. Trotter, J.W., Jr. (1985). Black Milwaukee: The making of an industrial proletariat 1915-1948. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
38. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1980). Census of population and housing, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Washington, DC: Author.
39. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1990). Census of population and housing, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Washington, DC: Author.
40. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (2000). Census of population and housing, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Washington, DC: Author.
41. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (2001). Economic census minority and women owned businesses United States. Retrieved on January 17, 2005, from www.census.gov/epcd/mwb97/us
42. Wisconsin Council on Children and Families. (1994). The increasing concentration of African American poverty in Milwaukee (pp. 1-4). Madison, WI: Author.
43. Yin, R.K. (1994). Case study research: Design and methods (2 nd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
44. Yinger, J. (1995). Closed doors, opportunities lost: The continuing costs of housing discrimination. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
45. Zubrensky, R. (1998). Milwaukee, Wisconsin's unique history of past discrimination against African-Americans spanning one hundred and sixty years. Milwaukee, WI: Equal Rights Commission.