Inter-association task force recommendations on emergency preparedness and management of sudden cardiac arrest in high school and college athletic programs: A consensus statement

Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 87-103

  Drezner, Jonathan A ^a   Courson, Ron W ^b   Roberts, William O ^c   Mosesso Jr , Vincent N ^d   Link, Mark S ^e   Maron, Barry J ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^e TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f MINNEAPOLIS HEART INSTITUTE FOUNDATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Athletes; Automated external defibrillators; Emergency action plan; Sudden cardiac death

Indexed keywords

ATHLETE; AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR; CERVICAL SPINE INJURY; COLLEGE; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONSENSUS; DEFIBRILLATION; EMERGENCY CARE; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; EMERGENCY TREATMENT; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEART ARREST; HEART RHYTHM; HEAT STROKE; HIGH SCHOOL; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESUSCITATION; SPORT INJURY; SUDDEN DEATH;

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION; CERVICAL VERTEBRAE; DEFIBRILLATORS; EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES; EMERGENCY TREATMENT; HEALTH PLANNING; HEART ARREST; HEAT STROKE; HUMANS; LIGHTNING; MASS SCREENING; SPORTS; STUDENTS; SURFACE PROPERTIES; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; SYNCOPE; THORACIC INJURIES;

EID: 34247257262     PISSN: 1050642X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3180415466     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (88)

1. Maron BJ. Sudden death in young athletes. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1064-1075.
2. Van Camp SP, Bloor CM, Mueller FO, et al. Nontraumatic sports death in high school and college athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27:641-647.
3. Maron BJ, Shirani J, Poliac LC, et al. Sudden death in young competitive athletes: clinical, demographic, and pathological profiles. JAMA. 1996;276:199-204.
4. ECC Committee, Subcommittees and Task Forces of the American Heart Association. 2005 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2005;112(24 Suppl):IV1-203.
5. Hazinski MF, Markenson D, Neish S, et al. Response to cardiac arrest and selected life-threatening medical emergencies: the medical emergency response plan for schools. A statement for healthcare providers, policymakers, school administrators, and community leaders. Circulation. 2004;109:278-291.
6. Andersen J, Courson RW, Kleiner DM, et al. National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: emergency planning in athletics. J Athl Train. 2002;37:99-104.
7. ECC Committee, Subcommittees and Task Forces of the American Heart Association. 2005 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care, part 4: adult basic life support. Circulation. 2005;112(24 Suppl):IV19-34.
8. ECC Committee, Subcommittees and Task Forces of the American Heart Association. 2005 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care, part 5: electrical therapies. Automated external defibrillators, defibrillation, cardioversion, and pacing. Circulation. 2005;112(24 Suppl):IV35-46.
9. Ellsworth EG, Ackerman MJ. The changing face of sudden cardiac death in the young. Heart Rhythm. 2005;2:1283-1285.
10. Sen-Chowdhry S, McKenna WJ. Sudden cardiac death in the young: a strategy for prevention by targeted evaluation. Cardiology. 2006;105:196-206.
11. Drezner JA, Rogers KJ, Zimmer RR, et al. Use of automated external defibrillators at NCAA Division I universities. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37:1487-1492.
12. Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, et al. Profile and frequency of sudden death in 1463 young competitive athletes: from a 25 year U.S. national registry, 1980-2005. American Heart Association Scientific Sessions; Chicago, IL; November 12-15, 2006.
13. Basso C, Maron BJ, Corrado D, et al. Clinical profile of congenital coronary artery anomalies with origin from the wrong aortic sinus leading to sudden death in young competitive athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35:1493-1501.
14. Maron BJ, Thompson PD, Puffer JC, et al. Cardiovascular preparticipation screening of competitive athletes: a statement for health professionals from the Sudden Death Committee (clinical cardiology) and Congenital Cardiac Defects Committee (cardiovascular disease in the young), American Heart Association. Circulation. 1996;94:850-856.
15. American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Sports Medicine, American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, American Osteopathic Academy of Sports Medicine. In: Preparticipation Physical Evaluation. 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005.
16. Maron BJ, Douglas PS, Graham TP, et al. Task Force 1: preparticipation screening and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease in athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1322-1326.
17. Rea TD, Eisenberg MS, Sinibaldi G, et al. Incidence of EMS-treated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States. Resuscitation. 2004;63:17-24.
18. Larsen MP, Eisenberg MS, Cummins RO, et al. Predicting survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A graphic model. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22:1652-1658.
19. The American Heart Association in Collaboration with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Guidelines 2000 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care, part 4: the automated external defibrillator. Key link in the chain of survival. Circulation. 2000;102(8 Suppl):I60-76.
20. Valenzuela TD, Roe DJ, Cretin S, et al. Estimating effectiveness of cardiac arrest interventions: a logistic regression survival model. Circulation. 1997;96:3308-3313.
21. White RD, Russell JK. Refibrillation, resuscitation and survival in out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest victims treated with biphasic automated external defibrillators. Resuscitation. 2002;55:17-23.
22. Berg MD, Clark LL, Valenzuela TD, et al. Post-shock chest compression delays with automated external defibrillator use. Resuscitation. 2005;64:287-291.
23. Carpenter J, Rea TD, Murray JA, et al. Defibrillation waveform and post-shock rhythm in out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2003;59:189-196.
24. Herlitz J, Ekstrom L, Wennerblom B, et al. Effect of bystander initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation on ventricular fibrillation and survival after witnessed cardiac arrest outside hospital. Br Heart J. 1994;72:408-412.
25. Stiell I, Nichol G, Wells G, et al. Health-related quality of life is better for cardiac arrest survivors who received citizen cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation. 2003;108:1939-1944.
26. Wik L, Kramer-Johansen J, Myklebust H, et al. Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2005;293:299-304.
27. Kerber RE, Becker LB, Bourland JD, et al. Automatic external defibrillators for public access defibrillation: recommendations for specifying and reporting arrhythmia analysis algorithm performance, incorporating new waveforms, and enhancing safety. A statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association Task Force on Automatic External Defibrillation, Subcommittee on AED Safety and Efficacy. Circulation. 1997;95:1677-1682.
28. Gundry JW, Comess KA, DeRook FA, et al. Comparison of naive sixth-grade children with trained professionals in the use of an automated external defibrillator. Circulation. 1999;100:1703-1707.
29. Weisfeldt ML, Becker LB. Resuscitation after cardiac arrest: a 3-phase time-sensitive model. JAMA. 2002;288:3035-3038.
30. Yakaitis RW, Ewy GA, Otto CW, et al. Influence of time and therapy on ventricular defibrillation in dogs. Crit Care Med. 1980;8:157-163.
31. Niemann JT, Cairns CB, Sharma J, et al. Treatment of prolonged ventricular fibrillation. Immediate countershock versus high-dose epinephrine and CPR preceding countershock. Circulation. 1992;85:281-287.
32. Cobb LA, Fahrenbruch CE, Walsh TR, et al. Influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to defibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. JAMA. 1999;281:1182-1188.
33. Wik L, Hansen TB, Fylling F, et al. Delaying defibrillation to give basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation to patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;289:1389-1395.
34. Vanden Hoek TL, Shao Z, Li C, et al. Reperfusion injury on cardiac myocytes after simulated ischemia. Am J Physiol. 1996;270(4 Pt 2): H1334-H1341.
35. Caffrey SL, Willoughby PJ, Pepe PE, et al. Public use of automated external defibrillators. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1242-1247.
36. Hallstrom AP, Ornato JP, Weisfeldt M, et al. Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:637-646.
37. Page RL, Joglar JA, Kowal RC, et al. Use of automated external defibrillators by a U.S. airline. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1210-1216.
38. Valenzuela TD, Roe DJ, Nichol G, et al. Outcomes of rapid defibrillation by security officers after cardiac arrest in casinos. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1206-1209.
39. Weaver WD, Hill D, Fahrenbruch CE, et al. Use of the automatic external defibrillator in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:661-666.
40. White RD, Asplin BR, Bugliosi TF, et al. High discharge survival rate after out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation with rapid defibrillation by police and paramedics. Ann Emerg Med. 1996;28:480-485.
41. Myerburg RJ, Fenster J, Velez M, et al. Impact of community-wide police car deployment of automated external defibrillators on survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2002;106:1058-1064.
42. White RD, Bunch TJ, Hankins DG. Evolution of a community-wide early defibrillation programme experience over 13 years using police/fire personnel and paramedics as responders. Resuscitation. 2005;65:279-283.
43. Mosesso VN Jr, Davis EA, Auble TE, et al. Use of automated external defibrillators by police officers for treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;32:200-207.
44. Jones E, Vijan S, Fendrick AM, et al. Automated external defibrillator deployment in high schools and senior centers. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2005;9:382-385.
45. Coris EE, Miller E, Sahebzamani F. Sudden cardiac death in Division I collegiate athletics: analysis of automated external defibrillator utilization in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletic programs. Clin J Sport Med. 2005;15:87-91.
46. Drezner JA, Rogers KJ. Sudden cardiac arrest in intercollegiate athletes: detailed analysis and outcomes of resuscitation in nine cases. Heart Rhythm. 2006;3:755-759.
47. Maron BJ, Gohman TE, Kyle SB, et al. Clinical profile and spectrum of commotio cordis. JAMA. 2002;287:1142-1146.
48. Maron BJ, Wentzel DC, Zenovich AG, et al. Death in a young athlete due to commotio cordis despite prompt external defibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2005;2:991-993.
49. Salib EA, Cyran SE, Cilley RE, et al. Efficacy of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and out-of-hospital automated external defibrillation as life-saving therapy in commotio cordis. J Pediatr. 2005;147: 863-836.
50. Strasburger JF, Maron BJ. Images in clinical medicine: commotio cordis. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1248.
51. Berger S, Utech L, Hazinski MF. Lay rescuer automated external defibrillator programs for children and adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2004;51:1463-1478.
52. Maron BJ, Shen WK, Link MS, et al. Efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for the prevention of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:365-373.
53. Begley DA, Mohiddin SA, Tripodi D, et al. Efficacy of implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy for primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003;26:1887-1896.
54. Link MS, Maron BJ, Stickney RE, et al. Automated external defibrillator arrhythmia detection in a model of cardiac arrest due to commotio cordis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003;14:83-87.
55. Holmberg M, Holmberg S, Herlitz J. Effect of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Sweden. Resuscitation. 2000;47:59-70.
56. Guideline 1c: Emergency Care and Coverage. NCAA Sports Medicine Handbook 2006-07. Available at: http://www.ncaa.org/library/sports_sciences/ sports_med_handbook/2006-07/2006-07_sports_medicine_handbook.pdf. Accessed September 4, 2006.
57. Nichol G, Stiell IG, Laupacis A, et al. A cumulative meta-analysis of the effectiveness of defibrillator-capable emergency medical services for victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;34(4 Pt 1):517-525.
58. Eisenberg MS, Horwood BT, Cummins RO, et al. Cardiac arrest and resuscitation: a tale of 29 cities. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19:179-186.
59. Sideline preparedness for the team physician: consensus statement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:846-849.
60. Berger S, Whitstone BN, Frisbee SJ, et al. Cost-effectiveness of Project ADAM: a project to prevent sudden cardiac death in high school students. Pediatr Cardiol. 2004;25:660-667.
61. Rothmier JR, Drezner JA, Harmon KG. Automated external defibrillators in Washington State high schools: an assessment of emergency preparedness. Clin J Sport Med. 2006;16:434.
62. England H, Hoffman C, Hodgman T, et al. Effectiveness of automated external defibrillators in high schools in greater Boston. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95:1484-1486.
63. Sapien RE, Allen A. Emergency preparation in schools: a snapshot of a rural state. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2001;17:329-333.
64. Gagliardi M, Neighbors M, Spears C, et al. Emergencies in the school setting: are public school teachers adequately trained to respond? Prehospital Disaster Med. 1994;9:222-225.
65. England H, Weinberg PS, Estes NA 3rd. The automated external defibrillator: clinical benefits and legal liability. JAMA. 2006;295:687-690.
66. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations, part 1: introduction. Resuscitation. 2005;67:181-186.
67. ECC Committee, Subcommittees and Task Forces of the American Heart Association. 2005 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care, part 3: overview of CPR. Circulation. 2005;112(24 Suppl):IV12-18.
68. Eftestol T, Sunde K, Steen PA. Effects of interrupting precordial compressions on the calculated probability of defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2002;105:2270-2273.
69. Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Berg RA, et al. Importance of continuous chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: improved outcome during a simulated single lay-rescuer scenario. Circulation. 2002;105:645-649.
70. Yu T, Weil MH, Tang W, et al. Adverse outcomes of interrupted precordial compression during automated defibrillation. Circulation. 2002;106:368-372.
71. Roberts WO. Exercise-associated collapse in endurance events: a classi-fication system. Physician Sportsmed. 1989;15:49-59.
72. O'Connor FG, Oriscello RG, Levine BD. Exercise-related syncope in the young athlete: Reassurance, restriction or referral? Am Fam Physician. 1999;60:2001-2008.
73. Hauff SR, Rea TD, Culley LL, et al. Factors impeding dispatcher-assisted telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42:731-737.
74. Bergfeldt L. Differential diagnosis of cardiogenic syncope and seizure disorders. Heart. 2003;89:353-358.
75. Terry GC, Kyle JM, Ellis JM Jr, et al. Sudden cardiac arrest in athletic medicine. J Athl Train. 2001;36:205-209.
76. Ruppert M, Reith MW, Widmann JH, et al. Checking for breathing: evaluation of the diagnostic capability of emergency medical services personnel, physicians, medical students, and medical laypersons. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;34:720-729.
77. Eberle B, Dick WF, Schneider T, et al. Checking the carotid pulse check: diagnostic accuracy of first responders in patients with and without a pulse. Resuscitation. 1996;33:107-116.
78. Eftestol T, Sunde K, Ole Aase S, et al. Predicting outcome of defibrillation by spectral characterization and nonparametric classification of ventricular fibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2000;102:1523-1529.
79. Eftestol T, Wik L, Sunde K, et al. Effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on predictors of ventricular fibrillation defibrillation success during outof-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2004;110:10-15.
80. Kleiner DM; Inter-Association Task Force for Appropriate Care of the Spine-Injured Athlete. Prehospital care of the spine-injured athlete: monograph summary. Clin J Sport Med. 2003;13:59-61.
81. Prehospital Care of the Spine-Injured Athlete: A Document from the Inter-Association Task Force for Appropriate Care of the Spine-Injured Athlete. National Athletic Trainers' Association. Available at: http://www.nata. org/statements/consensus/NATAPreHospital.pdf. Accessed September 4, 2006.
82. Weinstock J, Maron BJ, Song C, et al. Failure of commercially available chest wall protectors to prevent sudden cardiac death induced by chest wall blows in an experimental model of commotio cordis. Pediatrics. 2006;117:e656-e662.
83. Smith JE. Cooling methods used in the treatment of exertional heat illness. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39:503-507.
84. Fontanarosa PB. Electrical shock and lightning strike. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22:378-387.
85. Roberts WO, Maron BJ. Evidence for decreasing occurrence of sudden cardiac death associated with the marathon. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:1373-1374.
86. Lyster T, Jorgenson D, Morgan C. The safe use of automated external defi brillators in a wet environment. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2003;7:307-311.
87. Gao C, Abeysekera J. A systems perspective of slip and fall accidents on icy and snowy surfaces. Ergonomics. 2004;47:573-598.
88. McKiernan FE. A simple gait-stabilizing device reduces outdoor falls and nonserious injurious falls in fall-prone older people during the winter. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:943-947.