A behind-the-scenes look at the safety assessment of feminine hygiene pads

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 1092, Issue , 2006, Pages 66-77

  Farage, Miranda A ^a  

^a PROCTER AND GAMBLE COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

Postmarket surveillance; Prospective clinical trials; Quantitative risk assessment; Safety assurance; Sanitary pads; Skin patch tests; Toxicological testing

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL EVALUATION; CONFERENCE PAPER; HUMAN; HYGIENE; MENSTRUATION; POSTMARKETING SURVEILLANCE; PROTECTIVE CLOTHING; RISK ASSESSMENT; SAFETY; TOXICOLOGY; FEMALE; FEMININE HYGIENE PRODUCT; REVIEW;

CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY; FEMALE; FEMININE HYGIENE PRODUCTS; HUMANS; PRODUCT SURVEILLANCE, POSTMARKETING;

EID: 34247230924     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: 17496632     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1196/annals.1365.006     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (22)

1. FRIEDMAN, N. 1981. "Invented by a doctor": a medical and social history of tampons. In Everything You Must Know About Tampons. Berkley Publishing Group. New York, NY.
2. MCCALMAN, I. 1968. Menstrual practices of the Amandebele people in the Essexvale area. Cent. Afr. J. Med. 14: 111.
3. THORNTON, M.J. 1943. Use of vaginal tampons for absorption of menstrual discharges. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 46: 259.
4. FELTER, S.P., C.A. RYAN, D.A. BASKETTER, et al. 2003. Application of the risk assessment paradigm to the induction of allergic contact dermatitis. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 37: 1-10.
5. HOPPER, L.D. & F.W. OEHME. 1989. Chemical risk assessment: a review. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 31: 543-554.
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Glossary of IRIS terms. Revised September 2003, July 2005. Available at http://www.epa.gov/iris/gloss8.htm#r. Accessed August 31, 2005.
7. PHILLIPS, L., II, M. STEINBERG, H.I. MAIBACH, et al. 1972. A comparison of rabbit and human skin response to certain irritants. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 21: 369-382.
8. LESCH, C.A., C.A. SQUIER, A. CRUCHLEY, et al. 1989. The permeability of human oral mucosa and skin to water. J. Dent. Res. 68: 1345-1349.
9. van der Bijl, P., I.O. THOMPSON & C.A. SQUIER. 1997. Comparative permeability of human vaginal and buccal mucosa to water. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 105: 571-575.
10. FARAGE, M.A., D.L. BJERKE, C. MAHONY, et al. 2003. Quantitative risk assessment for the induction of allergic contact dermatitis: uncertainty factors for mucosal exposures. Contact Dermatitis 49: 140-147.
11. FARAGE, M.A., D.L. BJERKE, C. MAHONY, et al. 2003. A modified human repeat insult patch test for extended mucosal tissue exposure. Contact Dermatitis 49: 214-215.
12. FARAGE, M.A., S. MEYER & D. WALTER. 2004. Development of a sensitive test method to evaluate mechanical irritation potential on mucosal skin. Skin Res. Technol. 10: 85-95.
13. FARAGE, M.A., D.A. GILPIN, N.A. ENANE, et al. 2001. Development of a new test for mechanical irritation: behind the knee as a test site. Skin Res. Technol. 7: 193-203.
14. HANKE-BAIER, P., J. JOHANNIGMANN, R.J. LEVIN, et al. 1994. Evaluation of vaginal and perineal area during the use of external sanitary protection throughout the menstrual cycle. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 73: 486-491.
15. VOSS, A., C. WALLRAUCH-SCHWARZ, D. MILATOVIC, et al. 1993. Quantitative study of vaginal flora during the menstrual cycle. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 53: 543-546.
16. FARAGE, M.A., N.A. ENANE, S. BALDWIN, et al. 1997. A clinical method for testing the safety of catamenial pads. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 44: 260-264.
17. FARAGE, M.A. et al. 1997. Labial and vaginal microbiology: effects of extended panty liner use. Infect. Dis. Obst. Gynecol. 5: 252-258.
18. PATRICK, E. & H.I. MAIBACH. 1989. Dermatotoxicology. In Principles and Methods of Toxicology. A. W. Hayes, Ed.: 383-406. Raven Press. New York, NY.
19. ZHOU, X., S.J. BENT, M.G. SCHNEIDER, et al. 2004. Characterization of vaginal microbial communities in adult healthy women using cultivation-independent methods. Microbiology 150: 2565-2573.
20. FARAGE, M.A., A. STADLER, P. ELSNER, et al. 2004. Safety evaluation of modern feminine hygiene pads: two decades of use. Female Patient 29: 23-30.
21. FARAGE, M.A., A. KATSAROU, E. TSAGRONI, et al. 2005. Cutaneous and sensory effects of two sanitary pads with distinct surface materials: a randomized prospective trial. J. Toxicol. Cutaneous. Ocular. Toxicol. 24: 227-241.
22. IKW (INDUSTRIEVERBAND FÜR KÖRPERPFLEGE UND WASCHMITTEL E.V.) 2001 Hygieneprodukte - unentbehrlich im täglichen Leben, 1. Auflage, S. 46, Frankfurt/Main.