Imaging of cerebral venous thrombosis: Current techniques, spectrum of findings, and diagnostic pitfalls

Radiographics

Volumn 26, Issue SPEC. ISS., 2006, Pages

  Leach, James L ^a,b   Fortuna, Robert B ^a   Jones, Blaise V ^c   Gaskill Shipley, Mary F ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

^c CINCINNATI CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRAIN ANGIOGRAPHY; BRAIN VEIN; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DIAGNOSTIC ERROR; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHLEBOGRAPHY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RADIOGRAPHY; REVIEW; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY; CEREBRAL VEINS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DIAGNOSTIC ERRORS; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHLEBOGRAPHY; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; VENOUS THROMBOSIS;

EID: 34247215390     PISSN: 02715333     EISSN: 15271323     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1148/rg.26si055174     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Stam J. Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis: incidence and causes in ischemic stroke. Adv Neurol 2003;92:225-232.
2. Masuhr F, Mehraein S, Einhaupl K. Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis. J Neurol 2004;251:11-23.
3. Favrole P, Guichard J, Crassard I, Bousser MG, Chabriat H. Diffusion-weighted imaging of intravascular clots in cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke 2004;35:99-103.
4. Baumgartner RW, Studer A, Arnold M, Georgiadis D. Recanalisation of cerebral venous thrombosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:459-461.
5. Stolz E, Trittmacher S, Rahimi A, et al. Influence of recanalization on outcome in dural sinus thrombosis: a prospective study. Stroke 2004;35:544-547.
6. Tsai FY, Wang AM, Matovich VB, et al. MR staging of acute dural sinus thrombosis: correlation with venous pressure measurements and implications for treatment and prognosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16:1021-1029.
7. Yoshikawa T, Abe O, Tsuchiya K, et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of dural sinus thrombosis. Neuroradiology 2002;44:481-488.
8. Lovblad KO, Bassetti C, Schneider J, Ozdoba C, Remonda L, Schroth G. Diffusion-weighted MRI suggests the coexistence of cytotoxic and vasogenic oedema in a case of deep cerebral venous thrombosis. Neuroradiology 2000;42:728-731.
9. Bergui M, Bradac G, Daniele D. Brain lesions due to cerebral venous thrombosis do not correlate with sinus involvement. Neuroradiology 1999;41:419-424.
10. Bianchi D, Maeder P, Bogousslavsky J, Schnyder P, Meuli RA. Diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis with routine magnetic resonance: an update. Eur Neurol 1998;40:179-190.
11. Soleau SW, Schmidt R, Stevens S, Osborn A, Mac-Donald JD. Extensive experience with dural sinus thrombosis. Neurosurgery 2003;52:534-544.
12. Strupp M, Covi M, Seelos K, Dichgans M, Brandt T. Cerebral venous thrombosis: correlation between recanalization and clinical outcome - a long-term follow-up of 40 patients. J Neurol 2002;249(8):1123-1124.
13. deVeber G, Andrew M, Adams C, et al. Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in children. N Engl J Med 2001;345(6):417-423.
14. Frey JL, Muro GJ, McDougall CG, Dean BL, Jahnke HK. Cerebral venous thrombosis: combined intrathrombus rtPA and intravenous heparin. Stroke 1999;30:489-494.
15. Rother J, Waggie K, van Bruggen N, de Crespigny AJ, Moseley ME. Experimental cerebral venous thrombosis: evaluation using magnetic resonance imaging. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996;16:1353-1361.
16. Schaller B, Graf R, Sanada Y, et al. Hemodynamic changes after occlusion of the posterior superior sagittal sinus: an experimental PET study in cats. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003;24:1876-1880.
17. Yuh WT, Simonson TM, Wang AM, et al. Venous sinus occlusive disease: MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1994;15:309-316.
18. Simonds GR, Truwit CL. Anatomy of the cerebral vasculature. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 1994;4(4):691-706.
19. Farb RI, Scott JN, Willinsky RA, Montanera WJ, Wright GA, terBrugge KG. Intracranial venous system: gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional MR venography with auto-triggered elliptic centric-ordered sequence - initial experience. Radiology 2003;226(1):203-209.
20. Oka K, Rhoton AL, Barry M, Rodriguez R. Microsurgical anatomy of the superficial veins of the cerebrum. Neurosurgery 1985;17(5):711-748.
21. Meder JF, Chiras J, Roland J, Guinet P, Bracard S, Bargy F. Venous territories of the brain. J Neuroradiol 1994;21(2):118-133.
22. Liauw L, van Buchem MA, Split A, et al. MR angiography of the intracranial venous system. Radiology 2000;214(3):678-682.
23. Ozsvath RR, Casey S, Lustrin ES, Alberico RA, Hassankhani A, Patel M. Cerebral venography: comparison of CT and MR projection venography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997;169:1699-1707.
24. Casey SO, Alberico RA, Patel M, et al. Cerebral CT venography. Radiology 1996;198(1):163-170.
25. Wetzel SG, Kirsch E, Stock KW, Kolbe M, Kaim A, Radue EW. Cerebral veins: comparative study of CT venography with intraarterial digital subtraction angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20(2):249-255.
26. Majoie CB, van Straten M, Venema HW, den Heeten GJ. Multisection CT venography of the dural sinuses and cerebral veins by using matched mask bone elimination. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25(5):787-791.
27. Virapongse C, Cazenave C, Quisling R, Sarwar M, Hunter S. The empty delta sign: frequency and significance in 76 cases of dural sinus thrombosis. Radiology 1987;162:779-785.
28. Vogl TJ, Bergman C, Villringer A, Einhaupl K, Lissner J, Felix R. Dural sinus thrombosis: value of venous MR angiography for diagnosis and follow-up. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994;162:1191-1198.
29. Selim M, Fink J, Linfante I, Kumar S, Schlaug G, Caplan LR. Diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis with echo-planar T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Neurol 2002;59:1021-1026.
30. Isensee C, Reul J, Thron D. Magnetic resonance imaging of thrombosed dural sinuses. Stroke 1994;25:29-34.
31. Macchi PJ, Grossman RI, Gomori JM, Goldberg HI, Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT. High field MR imaging of cerebral venous thrombosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1986;10(1):10-15.
32. Dormont D, Anxionnat R, Evrard S, Louaille C, Chiras J, Marsault C. MRI in cerebral venous thrombosis. J Neuroradiol 1994;21(2):81-99.
33. Hinman JM, Provenzale JM. Hypointense thrombus on T2-weighted MR imaging: a potential pitfall in the diagnosis of dural sinus thrombosis. Eur J Radiol 2002;41:147-152.
34. Bergui M, Bradac G. Clinical picture of patients with cerebral venous thrombosis and patterns of dural sinus involvement. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003;16:211-216.
35. Dormont D, Sag K, Biondi A, Wechsler B, Marsault C. Gadolinium-enhanced MR of chronic dural sinus thrombosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16:1347-1352.
36. Ferro JM, Correia M, Pontes C, Baptista MV, Pita F; Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Portuguese Collaborative Study Group (Venoport). Cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis in Portugal: 1980-1998. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001;11(3):177-182.
37. Forbes KP, Pipe JG, Heiserman JE. Evidence for cytotoxic edema in the pathogenesis of cerebral venous infarction. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22(3):450-455.
38. Ducreux D, Oppenheim C, Vandamme X, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging patterns of brain damage associated with cerebral venous thrombosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22(2):261-268.
39. Bousser MG. Thromboses veineuses cerebrales: a propos de 76 cas. J Mal Vasc 1991;16:249-255.
40. Doege CA, Tavakolian R, Kerskens C, et al. Perfusion and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging in human cerebral venous thrombosis. J Neurol 2001;248(7):564-571.
41. Keller E, Flacke S, Urbach H, Schild HH. Diffusion-and perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in deep cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke 1999;30(5):1144-1146.
42. Hsu LC, Lirng JF, Fuh JL, Wang SJ, Shyu HY, Liu HC. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in deep cerebral venous thrombosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1998;100(1):27-30.
43. Nicoli F, Lefur Y, Denis B, Ranjeva JP, Confort-Gouny S, Cozzone PJ. Metabolic counterpart of decreased apparent diffusion coefficient during hyperacute ischemic stroke: a brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study. Stroke 2003;34(7):e82-e87. http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/ content/full/34/7/e82. Published June 19, 2003. Accessed July 8, 2003.
44. Keiper MD, Ng SE, Atlas SW, Grossman RI. Subcortical hemorrhage: marker for radiographically occult cerebral vein thrombosis on CT. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1995;19(4):527-531.
45. Crombe D, Haven F, Gille M. Isolated deep cerebral venous thrombosis diagnosed on CT and MR imaging: a case study and literature review. JBR-BTR 2003;86(5):257-261.
46. von Mering M, Stiefel M, Brockmann K, Nau R. Deep cerebral venous sinus thrombosis often presents with neuropsychologic symptoms. J Clin Neurosci 2003;10(3):310-312.
47. Herrmann KA, Sporer B, Yousry TA. Thrombosis of the internal cerebral vein associated with transient unilateral thalamic edema: a case report and review of the literature. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25(8):1351-1355.
48. Leach JL, Bulas RV, Ernst RJ, Cornelius RS. MR imaging of isolated cortical vein thrombosis: the hyperintense vein sign. J Neurovasc Dis 1996;1(3):1-7.
49. Derdeyn CP, Powers WJ. Isolated cortical venous thrombosis and ulcerative colitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19(3):488-490.
50. Ahn TB, Roh JK. Case of cortical vein thrombosis with the cord sign. Arch Neurol 2003;60(9):1314-1316.
51. Farb RI, Vanek I, Scott JN, et al. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: the prevalence and morphology of sinovenous stenosis. Neurology 2003;60(9):1418-1424.
52. Higgins JN, Gillard JH, Owler BK, Harkness K, Pickard JD. MR venography in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: unappreciated and misunderstood. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75(4):621-625.
53. Bono F, Lupo MR, Lavano A, et al. Cerebral MR venography of transverse sinuses in subjects with normal CSF pressure. Neurology 2003;61(9):1267-1270.
54. Higgins JN, Cousins C, Owler BK, Sarkies N, Pickard JD. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: 12 cases treated by venous sinus stenting. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74(12):1662-1666.
55. Higgins JN, Pickard JD. Lateral sinus stenoses in idiopathic intracranial hypertension resolving after CSF diversion. Neurology 2004;62(10):1907-1908.
56. Baryshnik DB, Farb RI. Changes in the appearance of venous sinuses after treatment of disordered intracranial pressure. Neurology 2004;62(8):1445-1446.
57. Curé JK, Van Tassel P, Smith MT. Normal and variant anatomy of the dural sinuses. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 1994;15(6):499-519.
58. Widjaja E, Griffiths PD. Intracranial MR venography in children: normal anatomy and variations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25(9):1557-1562.
59. Zouaoui A, Hidden G. Cerebral venous sinuses: anatomical variants or thrombosis? Acta Anat (Basel) 1988;133:318-324.
60. Alper F, Kantarci M, Dane S, Gumustekin K, Onbas O, Durur I. Importance of anatomical asymmetries of transverse sinuses: an MR venographic study. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004;18(3):236-239.
61. Ayanzen RH, Bird CR, Keller PJ, McCully FJ, Theobald MR, Heiserman JE. Cerebral MR venography: normal anatomy and potential diagnostic pitfalls. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21(1):74 -78.
62. Leach JL. Anatomic variations of the dural venous sinus confluence: appearance on CT with MRI, MRV, and angiographic correlation. Presented at the 34th annual meeting of the American Society of Neuroradiology, Seattle, Washington, June 23-27, 1996.
63. Leach JL, Jones BV, Tomsick TA, Stewart CA, Balko MG. Normal appearance of arachnoid granulations on contrast-enhanced CT and MR of the brain: differentiation from dural sinus disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996;17(8):1523-1532.
64. LeGros Clark W. On the pacchionian bodies. J Anat 1920;55:40-48.
65. Liang L, Korogi Y, Sugahara T, et al. Normal structures in the intracranial dural sinuses: delineation with 3D contrast-enhanced magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient-echo imaging sequence. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23(10):1739-1746.
66. Arjona A, Delgado F, Fernandez-Romero E. Intracranial hypertension secondary to giant arachnoid granulations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74(4):418.
67. Provenzale JM, Joseph GJ, Barboriak DP. Dural sinus thrombosis: findings on CT and MR imaging and diagnostic pitfalls. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998;170(3):777-783.9
68. Sze G, Simmons B, Krol G, Walker R, Zimmerman RD, Deck MD. Dural sinus thrombosis: verification with spin-echo techniques. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1988;9(4):679-686.
69. Tsuruda JS, Shimakawa A, Pelc NJ, Saloner D. Dural sinus occlusion: evaluation with phase-sensitive gradient-echo MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1991;12(3):481-488.
70. Olsen WL, Kucharczyk W, Keyes WD, Norman D, Newton TH. Magnetic resonance characterization of non-flowing intravascular blood. Acta Radiol Suppl 1986;369:63-66.
71. Tanaka T, Uemura K, Takahashi M, et al. Compression of the left brachiocephalic vein: cause of high signal intensity of the left sigmoid sinus and internal jugular vein on MR images. Radiology 1993;188(2):355-361.