Reference liquids for the calibration of dielectric sensors and measurement instruments

Measurement Science and Technology

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 967-976

  Kaatze, Udo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Complex permittivity measurements; Dielectric liquids; Microwave aquametry; Reference materials; Static permittivity

Indexed keywords

DATA REDUCTION; ERROR ANALYSIS; PERMITTIVITY; RELAXATION PROCESSES; SENSORS; SET THEORY;

COMPLEX PERMITTIVITY MEASUREMENTS; MICROWAVE AQUAMETRY; REFERENCE MATERIALS; STATIC PERMITTIVITY;

DIELECTRIC LIQUIDS;

DATA REDUCTION; DIELECTRIC LIQUIDS; ERROR ANALYSIS; PERMITTIVITY; RELAXATION PROCESSES; SENSORS; SET THEORY;

EID: 34247209074     PISSN: 09570233     EISSN: 13616501     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0957-0233/18/4/002     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (103)

1. Kraszewski A (ed) 1996 Microwave Aquametry (New York: IEEE)
2. Kupfer K, Knöchel R and Kraszewski A 2000 RF and Microwave Sensing of Moist Materials, Food and other Dielectrics (Weinheim: Wiley-VCH)
3. Kupfer K (ed) 2005 Electromagnetic Aquametry (Berlin: Springer)
4. Kaatze U 1989 Complex permittivity of water as a function of frequency and temperature J. Chem. Eng. Data 34 371-4
5. Ellison W J, Lamkaouchi K and Moreau J M 1996 Water, a dielectric reference J. Mol. Liq. 68 171-279
6. Kaatze U and Feldman Y 2006 Broadband dielectric spectrometry of liquids and biosystems Meas. Sci. Technol. 17 R17-35
7. Grant J P, Clarke R N, Symm G T and Spyron N M 1989 A critical study of the open-ended coaxial-line sensor technique for rf and microwave complex permittivity measurements J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 22 757-70
8. Misra D, Chabbra M, Epstein B R, Microtznik M and Foster K R 1990 Noninvasive electrical characterization of materials at microwave frequencies using an open-ended coaxial line: test of improved calibration technique IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 38 8-14
9. Jenkins S, Hodgetts T E, Clarke R N and Preece A W 1990 Dielectric measurements on reference liquids using automatic network analyses and calculable geometries Meas. Sci. Technol. 1 691-702
10. Jenkins S, Warham A G P and Clarke R N 1992 Use of open-ended coaxial-line sensor with a laminar of liquid dielectric backed by a conducting plane IEE Proc. H 139 179-82
11. De Langhe P, Blomme K, Martens L and De Zütter D 1993 Measurement of low-permittivity materials based on a spectral-domain analysis for the open-ended coaxial probe IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 42 879-86
12. De Langhe P, Martens L and De Zütter D 1994 Design rules for an experimental setup using an open-ended coaxial probe based on theoretical modelling IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 43 810-7
13. Stuchly S, Sibbald C and Anderson J M 1994 A new aperture admittance model for open-ended waveguides IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 42 192-8
14. Gabriel C, Chan T Y A and Grant E H 1994 Admittance models for open ended coaxial probes and their place in dielectric spectroscopy Phys. Med. Biol. 39 2183-200
15. Evans S and Michelson S C 1995 Intercomparison of dielectric reference materials available for the calibration of an open-ended probe at different temperatures Meas. Sci. Technol. 6 1721-32
16. Li C L and Chen K C 1995 Determination of electromagnetic properties of materials using flanged open-ended coaxial probe-full wave analysis IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 44 19-27
17. Ganchev S I, Quaddoumi N, Bakhtiari S and Zoughi R 1995 Calibration and measurement of dielectric properties of finite thickness composite sheets with open-ended coaxial sensors IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 44 1023-9
18. Folgerø K and Tjomsland T 1996 Permittivity measurement of thin liquid layers using open-ended coaxial probes Meas. Sci. Technol. 7 1164-73
19. Hilland J 1997 Simple sensor system for measuring the dielectric properties of saline solutions Meas. Sci. Technol. 8 901-10
20. Blackham D and Pollard R 1997 An improved technique for permittivity measurements using a coaxial probe IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 46 1093-9
21. Pournaropoulos C L and Misra D K 1997 The co-axial aperture electromagnetic sensor and its application in material characterization Meas. Sci. Technol. 8 1191-202
22. Hilland J and Friisø T 1998 Evaluation of modelling routines for on-line implementation of the open-ended coaxial probe Meas. Sci. Technol. 9 790-6
23. Panariello G, Verolino L and Vitolo G 2001 Efficient and accurate full-wave analysis of the open-ended coaxial cable IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 49 1304-9
24. Bartley P, Nelson S and McClendon R 2002 Dimensional analysis of a permittivity measurement probe IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 51 1312-5
25. García-Bãos B, Catal-Civera J M, Pẽaranda-Foix F and Canós A J 2005 Design rules for the optimization of the sensitivity of open-ended coaxial microwave sensors for monitoring changes in dielectric materials Meas. Sci. Technol. 16 1186-92
26. Gregory A P and Clarke R N 2005 Traceable measurements of the static permittivity of dielectric reference liquids over the temperature range 5-50 °C Meas. Sci. Technol. 16 1506-16
27. Cachet H, Lestrade J-C and Epelboin J 1965 Mesure de la permittivité diélectrique de liquides en ondes décimétriques J. Chim. Phys. 62 802-10
28. Giese K and Tiemann R 1975 Determination of the complex permittivity from thin-sample time domain reflectometry improved analysis of the step response waveform Adv. Mol. Relax. Process 7 45-59
29. Kaatze U and Giese K 1987 Dielectric spectroscopy on some aqueous solutions of 3:2 valent electrolytes. A combined frequency and time domain study J. Mol. Liq. 36 15-35
30. Cole R H, Berberian J G, Mashimo S, Chryssikos G, Tombari E and Burns A 1989 Time domain reflection methods for dielectric measurements to 10 GHz J. Appl. Phys. 66 793-802
31. Folgerø K, Friisø T, Hilland J and Tjomsland T 1995 A broad-band and high-sensitivity dielectric spectroscopy measurement system for quality determination of low-permittivity fluids Meas. Sci. Technol. 6 995-1008
32. Göttmann O, Kaatze U and Petong P 1996 Coaxial to circular waveguide transition as high-precision easy-to-handle measuring cell for the broad band dielectric spectroscopy of liquids Meas. Sci. Technol. 7 525-34
33. Folgerø K 1996 Bilinear calibration of coaxial transmission/reflection cells for permittivity measurements of low-loss liquids Meas. Sci. Technol. 7 1260-9
34. Lamkaouchi K 1992 L'eau: étalon dielectrique. Etude de lois diélectriques appliquées l'eau et des émulsions de pétrole mesurées en micro-ondes Dissertation Universite Bordeaux I
35. Richards M G M 1993 The development of techniques to measure the complex permittivity of liquids and biological tissues at 90 GHz Dissertation University of London
36. Kaatze U 2000 Hydrogen network fluctuations and the microwave dielectric properties of liquid water Subsurface Sensing Technol. Appl. 1 377-91
37. Zafar M S, Hasted J B and Chamberlain J 1973 Submillimetre wave dielectric dispersion in water Nature Phys. Sci. 243 106-9
38. -1 J. Opt. Soc. Am. 67 902-4
39. Blue M D 1980 Permittivity of ice and water at millimeter wavelength J. Geophys. Res. 85 1101-6
40. Manabe T, Liebe H J and Hufford G A 1987 Complex permittivity of water between 0 and 30 THz IEEE Con. Dig. 12th Conf. IR Millimetre Waves pp 220-30
41. Hasted J B, Husain S K, Frescura F A M and Birch J R 1987 The temperature variation of the near millimetre wavelength optical constants of water Infrared Phys. 27 11-5
42. Kindt J K and Schmittenmaer C A 1996 Far-infrared dielectric properties of polar liquids probed by femtosecond terahertz pulse spectroscopy J. Phys. Chem. 100 10373-9
43. Rønne C, Thrane L, strand P-O, Wallqvist A, Keiding S R and Mikkelsen K V 1997 Investigation of the temperature dependence of dielectric relaxation in liquid water by THz reflection spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulation J. Chim. Phys. 107 5319-31
44. 2O Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 2888-91
45. Buchanan T J 1952 Balance methods for the measurement of permittivity in the microwave region Proc. IEE 99 61-6
46. Grant E H and Shack R 1967 Complex permittivity measurements at 8.6 nm wavelength over the temperature range 1-60 °C Br. J. Appl. Phys. 18 1807-14
47. Kaatze U, Pottel R and Wallusch A 1995 A new automated waveguide system for the precise measurement of complex permittivity of low-to-high-loss liquids at microwave frequencies Meas. Sci. Technol. 6 1201-7
48. Van Loon R and Finsy R 1974 Measurement of complex permittivity of liquids at frequencies from 60 to 150 GHz Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45 523-5
49. Bottreau A M, Dutuit Y, Marzat C and Moreau J 1976 Réalisation d'un réflecto-interféromètre dans la bande des 70 GHz destiné a la mesure de la permittivité complexe de liquides a fortes pertes. Application a l'étude de l'eau, de l'é thylenène-glycol et du formamide en fouction de la température Rev. Phys. Appl. 11 163-6
50. Szwarnowski S and Sheppard R J 1977 Precision waveguide cells for the measurement of permittivity of lossy liquids at 70 GHz J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 10 1163-7
51. Mattar K E and Buckmaster H A 1990 25 °C complex permittivity of water from 65 to 75 GHz J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 23 1464-7
52. Alison J M and Sheppard R J 1991 A precision waveguide system for the measurement of complex permittivity of lossy liquids and solid tissues in the frequency range 29 GHz to 90 GHz: III. The liquid system for 57 to 82 GHz: an investigation into water and formamide Meas. Sci. Technol. 2 975-9
53. Malmberg C G and Maryott A A 1956 Dielectric constant of water from 0 °C to 100 °C J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 56 1-7
54. Owen B B, Miller R C, Milner C F and Cogan H L 1961 The dielectric constant of water as a function of temperature and pressure J. Phys. Chem. 65 2065-71
55. Vidulich G A, Evans D F and Kay R L 1967 The dielectric constant of water and heavy water between 0 and 40 degree J. Phys. Chem. 71 656-62
56. Dunn L A and Stokes R H 1969 Pressure and temperature dependence of the electrical permittivities of formamide and water Trans. Faraday Soc. 65 2906-12
57. Kay R L, Vidulich G A and Pribadi K S 1969 Reinvestigation of the dielectric constant of water and its temperature coefficient J. Phys. Chem. 73 445-7
58. Kienitz H and Marsh K N 1981 Recommended reference materials for relaxation of physiochemical properties Pure Appl. Chem. 53 1847-62
59. Kaatze U 1996 Microwave dielectric properties of water Microwave Aquametry (New York: IEEE) pp 37-53
60. Rusche E W and Good W B 1966 Search for discontinuities in the temperature dependence of the dielectric constant of pure water from -5 to +25 °C J. Chem. Phys. 45 4467-9
61. Hasted J B and Shahidi M 1976 The low frequency dielectric constant of supercooled water Nature 262 777-8
62. Hodge I M and Angell C A 1978 The relative permittivity of supercooled water J. Chem. Phys. 68 1363-8
63. Bertolini D, Cassettari M and Salvetti G 1982 The dielectric relaxation time of supercooled water J. Chem. Phys. 76 3285-90
64. Risman P O and Wäppling-Raaholt B 2005 Accurate dielectric properties of liquid water from -15 to 40 °C as determined by retromodelling of a dual resonator applicator Proc. ISEMA 2005 Electromagnetic Wave Interactions with Water and Moist Substances ed K Kupfer (Weimar: MPFA Bauhaus Universität)
65. Ray P S 1972 Broadband complex refractive indices of ice and water Appl. Opt. 11 1836-44
66. Cole K S and Cole R H 1941 Dispersion and absorption in dielectrics: I. Alternating current characteristics J. Chem. Phys. 9 341-51
67. Speedy R J and Angell C A 1976 Isothermal compressibility of supercooled water and evidence for a thermodynamic singularity at -45 °C J. Chem. Phys. 65 851-8
68. Vilgis T A 1990 Random energies, random coordination numbers, the Vogel-Fulcher law, and non-exponential relaxation J. Phys. Condens. Matter 2 3667-71
69. Maryott A A and Smith E R 1951 Table of Dielectric Constants of Pure Liquids (NBS Circular 514) (New York: Natl. Bur. Stand.)
70. Sheppard R J and Grant E H 1972 Design and construction of a coaxial-line cell for measuring the complex permittivity of a liquid J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 5 1208-12
71. Afsar M N et al 1980 A comparison of dielectric measurement methods for liquids in the frequency range 1 GHz to 4 THz IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 29 283-8
72. Honijk D 1977 The determination of the complex electric permittivity of liquids in the frequency regions 100 MHz-5 GHz and 100 GHz-15 THz (far infrared) Dissertation Rijksuniveriteit te Leiden
73. Van Loon R and Finsy R 1973 Measurement of complex permittivity of liquids at frequencies from 5 to 40 GHz Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44 1204-8
74. Van Loon R and Finsy R 1974 Measurement of complex permittivity of liquids at frequencies from 60 to 150 GHz Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45 523-5
75. Van Loon R and Finsy R 1975 The precise microwave permittivity measurement of liquids using a multipoint technique and curve fitting procedure J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 8 1232-43
76. Goulon J, Roussy G and Rivail J L 1968 Realisation d'un interferometre de Michelson en ondes millimetriques Rev. Phys. Appl. 3 231-6
77. Goulon J, Sarteaux J P, Brondeau J and Roussy G 1973 Measure interferometriques precises de la permittivité complex des liquides dans un large domaine de frequences Rev. Phys. Appl. 8 165-74
78. Cullen A L, Nagenthiram P and Williams A D 1972 An improvement in open resonator permittivity measurement Electron. Lett. 18 577-9
79. Jones P G 1976 Precise dielectric measurements at 35 GHz using an open microwave resonator Proc. IEEE 123 285-90
80. 01n cavity resonator method to determine the complex permittivity of low-loss liquids at millimetre wavelengths Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44 165-9
81. Stumper U and Frentrup K P 1976 Precise determination of very low dielectric losses at frequencies of 9 and 29 GHz Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47 1196-200
82. Demaison J, Roussy G, Rivail J L and Sarteaux J P 1970 Realisation d'un spectrographe micro-onde a modulation par double resonance J. Chim. Phys. 67 899-905
83. Chantry G W 1971 Submillimetre Spectroscopy (New York: Academic)
84. Afsar N M, Hasted J B and Chamberlain 1976 New techniques for disperse Fourier transform spectrometry of liquids Infrared Phys. 16 301-10
85. Birch J R and Parker T J 1979 Dispersive Fourier transform spectroscopy Infrared and Millimeter Waves vol 2 (New York: Academic)
86. Bates R G and Robinson R A 1966 Acid-base behaviour in methanol-water solvent Chemical Physics of Ionic Solutions (New York: Wiley)
87. Cunningham G P, Vidulich G A and Kay R L 1967 Several properties of acetonitrile-water, acetonitrile-methanol and ethylcarbonate-water systems J. Chem. Eng. Data 12 336-7
88. The reference materials section of the EMMA-club dielectrics database, release 1. CD-ROM 2001 (UK: NPL)
89. Barthel J, Bachhuber K, Buchner R and Hetzenauer H 1990 Dielectric spectra of some common solvents in the microwave region. Water and lower alcohols Chem. Phys. Lett. 165 369-73
90. Barthel J and Buchner R 1991 High frequency permittivity and its use in the investigation of solution properties Pure Appl. Chem. 63 1473-82
91. Kaatze U, Schäfer M and Pottel R 1989 The complex dielectric spectrum of aqueous methanol and isopropanol solutions Z. Phys. Chem. (Munich) 165 103-17
92. Bao J-Z, Swicord M L and Davis C C 1996 Microwave dielectric characterization of binary mixtures of water, methanol and ethanol J. Chem. Phys. 104 4441-50
93. Sato T, Chiba A and Nozaki R 2000 Hydrophobic hydration and molecular association in methanol-water mixtures studied by microwave dielectric analysis J. Chem. Phys. 112 2924-32
94. Gottlob D 1969 Dielektrizitätszahl und dielektrische Relaxation in wässrigen und methanolischen Alkalihalogenidlösungen bis zu hohen Konzentrationen im Frequenzbereich von 0.6 bis 40 GHz Master's Thesis Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen
95. Bourgoin D, Volf W and Joly M 1972 Mesure de la permittivité complexe relative en ondes centimétriques de liquides fortement polaires: application l'eau et au diméthylsulfoxyde J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 5 589-600
96. Covington A K and Dickinson T 1973 Physical Chemistry of Organic Solvent Systems (New York: Plenum)
97. Kaatze U, Pottel R and Schäfer M 1989 Dielectric spectrum of dimethyl sulfoxide/water mixtures as a function of composition J. Phys. Chem. 93 5623-7
98. Barthel J, Bachhuber K, Buchner R, Gill J B and Kleebauer M 1990 Dielectric spectra of some common solvents in the microwave region. Dipolar aprotic solvents and amides Chem. Phys. Lett. 167 62-6
99. Kaatze U and Lönnecke-Gabel V 1991 Dielectric spectroscopy on binary mixtures of organic solvents J. Mol. Liq. 48 45-60
100. Cole R H and Davidson D W 1952 High frequency dispersion in n-propanol J. Chem. Phys. 20 1389-91
101. Gregory A P and Clarke R N 2001 Tables of the complex permittivity of dielectric reference liquids of frequencies up to 5 GHz National Physical Laboratory Report CETM33
102. Khirade P W, Chaudhar A, Shinde J B, Helambe S N and Mehrotra S C 1999 Static dielectric constant and relaxation time measurements on binary mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide with ethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, and propan-1-ol at 293, 303, and 323 K J. Chem. Eng. Data 44 879-81
103. Kaatze U, Behrends R and Pottel R 2002 Hydrogen network fluctuations and dielectric spectrometry of liquids J. Non-Cryst. Solids 305 19-28