Inter-Association Task Force Recommendations on Emergency Preparedness and Management of Sudden Cardiac Arrest in High School and College Athletic Programs: A Consensus Statement

Heart Rhythm

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 549-565

  Drezner, Jonathan A ^a   Courson, Ron W ^b   Roberts, William O ^c   Mosesso Jr , Vincent N ^d   Link, Mark S ^e   Maron, Barry J ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^e TUFTS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^f MINNEAPOLIS HEART INSTITUTE FOUNDATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Athletes; Automated external defibrillators; Emergency action plan; Emergency preparedness; Sudden cardiac death

Indexed keywords

OXYGEN;

ARTICLE; ATHLETE; AUTOMATION; CAUSE OF DEATH; CERVICAL SPINE INJURY; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; COLLAPSE; COLLEGE STUDENT; CONCUSSION; CONSENSUS; DEFIBRILLATION; DEFIBRILLATOR; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEART ARREST; HEART DISEASE; HEART RHYTHM; HEART VENTRICLE FIBRILLATION; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HEAT STROKE; HIGH SCHOOL; HUMAN; MOBILIZATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESUSCITATION; SCREENING TEST; SPORT; SUDDEN DEATH; SURVIVAL;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ADVISORY COMMITTEES; CHILD; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; DEFIBRILLATORS; EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES; EMERGENCY TREATMENT; HEALTH PLANNING GUIDELINES; HUMANS; MASS SCREENING; SCHOOLS; SPORTS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 34247186343     PISSN: 15475271     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2007.02.019     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Maron B.J. Sudden death in young athletes. N Engl J Med 349 (2003) 1064-1075
2. Van Camp S.P., Bloor C.M., Mueller F.O., Cantu R.C., and Olson H.G. Nontraumatic sports death in high school and college athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 27 (1995) 641-647
3. Maron B.J., Shirani J., Poliac L.C., Mathenge R., Roberts W.C., and Mueller F.O. Sudden death in young competitive athletes: clinical, demographic, and pathological profiles. JAMA 276 (1996) 199-204
4. ECC Committee. Subcommittees and Task Forces of the American Heart Association 2005 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 112 24 Suppl (2005) IV1-IV203
5. Hazinski M.F., Markenson D., Neish S., et al. Response to cardiac arrest and selected life-threatening medical emergencies: the medical emergency response plan for schools. A statement for healthcare providers, policymakers, school administrators, and community leaders. Circulation 109 (2004) 278-291
6. Andersen J., Courson R.W., Kleiner D.M., and McLoda T.A. National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: emergency planning in athletics. J Athl Train 37 (2002) 99-104
7. ECC Committee. Subcommittees and Task Forces of the American Heart Association 2005 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care, part 4: adult basic life support. Circulation 112 24 Suppl (2005) IV19-IV34
8. ECC Committee. Subcommittees and Task Forces of the American Heart Association 2005 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care, part 5: electrical therapies. Automated external defibrillators, defibrillation, cardioversion, and pacing. Circulation 112 24 Suppl (2005) IV35-IV46
9. Ellsworth E.G., and Ackerman M.J. The changing face of sudden cardiac death in the young. Heart Rhythm 2 (2005) 1283-1285
10. Sen-Chowdhry S., and McKenna W.J. Sudden cardiac death in the young: a strategy for prevention by targeted evaluation. Cardiology 105 (2006) 196-206
11. Drezner J.A., Rogers K.J., Zimmer R.R., and Sennett B.J. Use of automated external defibrillators at NCAA Division I universities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37 (2005) 1487-1492
12. Maron B.J., Doerer J.J., Haas T.S., Tierney D.M., and Mueller F.O. Profile and frequency of sudden death in 1463 young competitive athletes: from a 25 year U.S. national registry, 1980-2005 (2006) American Heart Association Scientific Sessions, Chicago, Illinois, November 12-15
13. Basso C., Maron B.J., Corrado D., and Thiene G. Clinical profile of congenital coronary artery anomalies with origin from the wrong aortic sinus leading to sudden death in young competitive athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 35 (2000) 1493-1501
14. Maron B.J., Thompson P.D., Puffer J.C., et al. Cardiovascular preparticipation screening of competitive athletes: a statement for health professionals from the Sudden Death Committee (clinical cardiology) and Congenital Cardiac Defects Committee (cardiovascular disease in the young), American Heart Association. Circulation 94 (1996) 850-856
15. American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Sports Medicine, American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, and American Osteopathic Academy of Sports Medicine. Preparticipation Physical Evaluation. 3rd ed. (2005), McGraw-Hill, New York
16. Maron B.J., Douglas P.S., Graham T.P., Nishimura R.A., and Thompson P.D. Task Force 1: preparticipation screening and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease in athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 45 (2005) 1322-1326
17. Rea T.D., Eisenberg M.S., Sinibaldi G., and White R.D. Incidence of EMS-treated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States. Resuscitation 63 (2004) 17-24
18. Larsen M.P., Eisenberg M.S., Cummins R.O., and Hallstrom A.P. Predicting survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A graphic model. Ann Emerg Med 22 (1993) 1652-1658
19. The American Heart Association in Collaboration with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Guidelines 2000 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care, part 4: the automated external defibrillator. Key link in the chain of survival. Circulation 102 8 Suppl (2000) I60-I76
20. Valenzuela T.D., Roe D.J., Cretin S., Spaite D.W., and Larsen M.P. Estimating effectiveness of cardiac arrest interventions: a logistic regression survival model. Circulation 96 (1997) 3308-3313
21. White R.D., and Russell J.K. Refibrillation, resuscitation and survival in out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest victims treated with biphasic automated external defibrillators. Resuscitation 55 (2002) 17-23
22. Berg M.D., Clark L.L., Valenzuela T.D., Kern K.B., and Berg R.A. Post-shock chest compression delays with automated external defibrillator use. Resuscitation 64 (2005) 287-291
23. Carpenter J., Rea T.D., Murray J.A., Kudenchuk P.J., and Eisenberg M.S. Defibrillation waveform and post-shock rhythm in out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 59 (2003) 189-196
24. Herlitz J., Ekstrom L., Wennerblom B., Axelsson A., Bang A., and Holmberg S. Effect of bystander initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation on ventricular fibrillation and survival after witnessed cardiac arrest outside hospital. Br Heart J 72 (1994) 408-412
25. Stiell I., Nichol G., Wells G., et al. Health-related quality of life is better for cardiac arrest survivors who received citizen cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 108 (2003) 1939-1944
26. Wik L., Kramer-Johansen J., Myklebust H., et al. Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 293 (2005) 299-304
27. Kerber R.E., Becker L.B., Bourland J.D., et al. Automatic external defibrillators for public access defibrillation: recommendations for specifying and reporting arrhythmia analysis algorithm performance, incorporating new waveforms, and enhancing safety. A statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association Task Force on Automatic External Defibrillation, Subcommittee on AED Safety and Efficacy. Circulation 95 (1997) 1677-1682
28. Gundry J.W., Comess K.A., DeRook F.A., Jorgenson D., and Bardy G.H. Comparison of naive sixth-grade children with trained professionals in the use of an automated external defibrillator. Circulation 100 (1999) 1703-1707
29. Weisfeldt M.L., and Becker L.B. Resuscitation after cardiac arrest: a 3-phase time-sensitive model. JAMA 288 (2002) 3035-3038
30. Yakaitis R.W., Ewy G.A., Otto C.W., Taren D.L., and Moon T.E. Influence of time and therapy on ventricular defibrillation in dogs. Crit Care Med 8 (1980) 157-163
31. Niemann J.T., Cairns C.B., Sharma J., and Lewis R.J. Treatment of prolonged ventricular fibrillation. Immediate countershock versus high-dose epinephrine and CPR preceding countershock. Circulation 85 (1992) 281-287
32. Cobb L.A., Fahrenbruch C.E., Walsh T.R., et al. Influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to defibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. JAMA 281 (1999) 1182-1188
33. Wik L., Hansen T.B., Fylling F., et al. Delaying defibrillation to give basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation to patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA 289 (2003) 1389-1395
34. Vanden Hoek T.L., Shao Z., Li C., Zak R., Schumacker P.T., and Becker L.B. Reperfusion injury on cardiac myocytes after simulated ischemia. Am J Physiol 270 4 Pt 2 (1996) H1334-H1341
35. Caffrey S.L., Willoughby P.J., Pepe P.E., and Becker L.B. Public use of automated external defibrillators. N Engl J Med 347 (2002) 1242-1247
36. Hallstrom A.P., Ornato J.P., Weisfeldt M., et al. Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 351 (2004) 637-646
37. Page R.L., Joglar J.A., Kowal R.C., et al. Use of automated external defibrillators by a U.S. airline. N Engl J Med 343 (2000) 1210-1216
38. Valenzuela T.D., Roe D.J., Nichol G., Clark L.L., Spaite D.W., and Hardman R.G. Outcomes of rapid defibrillation by security officers after cardiac arrest in casinos. N Engl J Med 343 (2000) 1206-1209
39. Weaver W.D., Hill D., Fahrenbruch C.E., et al. Use of the automatic external defibrillator in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 319 (1988) 661-666
40. White R.D., Asplin B.R., Bugliosi T.F., and Hankins D.G. High discharge survival rate after out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation with rapid defibrillation by police and paramedics. Ann Emerg Med 28 (1996) 480-485
41. Myerburg R.J., Fenster J., Velez M., et al. Impact of community-wide police car deployment of automated external defibrillators on survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 106 (2002) 1058-1064
42. White R.D., Bunch T.J., and Hankins D.G. Evolution of a community-wide early defibrillation programme experience over 13 years using police/fire personnel and paramedics as responders. Resuscitation 65 (2005) 279-283
43. Mosesso Jr. V.N., Davis E.A., Auble T.E., Paris P.M., and Yealy D.M. Use of automated external defibrillators by police officers for treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 32 (1998) 200-207
44. Jones E., Vijan S., Fendrick A.M., Deshpande S., and Cram P. Automated external defibrillator deployment in high schools and senior centers. Prehosp Emerg Care 9 (2005) 382-385
45. Coris E.E., Miller E., and Sahebzamani F. Sudden cardiac death in Division I collegiate athletics: analysis of automated external defibrillator utilization in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletic programs. Clin J Sport Med 15 (2005) 87-91
46. Drezner J.A., and Rogers K.J. Sudden cardiac arrest in intercollegiate athletes: detailed analysis and outcomes of resuscitation in nine cases. Heart Rhythm 3 (2006) 755-759
47. Maron B.J., Gohman T.E., Kyle S.B., Estes III N.A., and Link M.S. Clinical profile and spectrum of commotio cordis. JAMA 287 (2002) 1142-1146
48. Maron B.J., Wentzel D.C., Zenovich A.G., Estes III N.A., and Link M.S. Death in a young athlete due to commotio cordis despite prompt external defibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2 (2005) 991-993
49. Salib E.A., Cyran S.E., Cilley R.E., Maron B.J., and Thomas N.J. Efficacy of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and out-of-hospital automated external defibrillation as life-saving therapy in commotio cordis. J Pediatr 147 (2005) 863-866
50. Strasburger J.F., and Maron B.J. Images in clinical medicine: commotio cordis. N Engl J Med 347 (2002) 1248
51. Berger S., Utech L., and Hazinski M.F. Lay rescuer automated external defibrillator programs for children and adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am 51 (2004) 1463-1478
52. Maron B.J., Shen W.K., Link M.S., et al. Efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for the prevention of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 342 (2000) 365-373
53. Begley D.A., Mohiddin S.A., Tripodi D., Winkler J.B., and Fananapazir L. Efficacy of implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy for primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 26 (2003) 1887-1896
54. Link M.S., Maron B.J., Stickney R.E., et al. Automated external defibrillator arrhythmia detection in a model of cardiac arrest due to commotio cordis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 14 (2003) 83-87
55. Holmberg M., Holmberg S., and Herlitz J. Effect of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Sweden. Resuscitation 47 (2000) 59-70
56. Guideline 1c: Emergency Care and Coverage. NCAA Sports Medicine Handbook 2006-07. Available at: http://www.ncaa.org/library/sports_sciences/sports_med_handbook/2006-07/ 2006-07_sports_medicine_handbook.pdf. Accessed September 4, 2006.
57. Nichol G., Stiell I.G., Laupacis A., Pham B., De Maio V.J., and Wells G.A. A cumulative meta-analysis of the effectiveness of defibrillator-capable emergency medical services for victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 34 4 Pt 1 (1999) 517-525
58. Eisenberg M.S., Horwood B.T., Cummins R.O., Reynolds-Haertle R., and Hearne T.R. Cardiac arrest and resuscitation: a tale of 29 cities. Ann Emerg Med 19 (1990) 179-186
59. Sideline preparedness for the team physician: consensus statement. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33 (2001) 846-849
60. Berger S., Whitstone B.N., Frisbee S.J., et al. Cost-effectiveness of Project ADAM: a project to prevent sudden cardiac death in high school students. Pediatr Cardiol 25 (2004) 660-667
61. Rothmier J.R., Drezner J.A., and Harmon K.G. Automated external defibrillators in Washington State high schools: an assessment of emergency preparedness. Clin J Sport Med 16 (2006) 434
62. England H., Hoffman C., Hodgman T., et al. Effectiveness of automated external defibrillators in high schools in greater Boston. Am J Cardiol 95 (2005) 1484-1486
63. Sapien R.E., and Allen A. Emergency preparation in schools: a snapshot of a rural state. Pediatr Emerg Care 17 (2001) 329-333
64. Gagliardi M., Neighbors M., Spears C., Byrd S., and Snarr J. Emergencies in the school setting: are public school teachers adequately trained to respond?. Prehospital Disaster Med 9 (1994) 222-225
65. England H., Weinberg P.S., and Estes III N.A. The automated external defibrillator: clinical benefits and legal liability. JAMA 295 (2006) 687-690
66. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations, part 1: introduction. Resuscitation 67 (2005) 181-186
67. ECC Committee. Subcommittees and Task Forces of the American Heart Association 2005 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care, part 3: overview of CPR. Circulation 112 24 Suppl (2005) IV12-IV18
68. Eftestol T., Sunde K., and Steen P.A. Effects of interrupting precordial compressions on the calculated probability of defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 105 (2002) 2270-2273
69. Kern K.B., Hilwig R.W., Berg R.A., Sanders A.B., and Ewy G.A. Importance of continuous chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: improved outcome during a simulated single lay-rescuer scenario. Circulation 105 (2002) 645-649
70. Yu T., Weil M.H., Tang W., et al. Adverse outcomes of interrupted precordial compression during automated defibrillation. Circulation 106 (2002) 368-372
71. Roberts W.O. Exercise-associated collapse in endurance events: a classification system. Physician Sportsmed 15 (1989) 49-59
72. O'Connor F.G., Oriscello R.G., and Levine B.D. Exercise-related syncope in the young athlete: Reassurance, restriction or referral?. Am Fam Physician 60 (1999) 2001-2008
73. Hauff S.R., Rea T.D., Culley L.L., Kerry F., Becker L., and Eisenberg M.S. Factors impeding dispatcher-assisted telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 42 (2003) 731-737
74. Bergfeldt L. Differential diagnosis of cardiogenic syncope and seizure disorders. Heart 89 (2003) 353-358
75. Terry G.C., Kyle J.M., Ellis Jr. J.M., Cantwell J., Courson R., and Medlin R. Sudden cardiac arrest in athletic medicine. J Athl Train 36 (2001) 205-209
76. Ruppert M., Reith M.W., Widmann J.H., et al. Checking for breathing: evaluation of the diagnostic capability of emergency medical services personnel, physicians, medical students, and medical laypersons. Ann Emerg Med 34 (1999) 720-729
77. Eberle B., Dick W.F., Schneider T., Wisser G., Doetsch S., and Tzanova I. Checking the carotid pulse check: diagnostic accuracy of first responders in patients with and without a pulse. Resuscitation 33 (1996) 107-116
78. Eftestol T., Sunde K., Ole Aase S., Husoy J.H., and Steen P.A. Predicting outcome of defibrillation by spectral characterization and nonparametric classification of ventricular fibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 102 (2000) 1523-1529
79. Eftestol T., Wik L., Sunde K., and Steen P.A. Effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on predictors of ventricular fibrillation defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 110 (2004) 10-15
80. Kleiner D.M., and Inter-Association Task Force for Appropriate Care of the Spine-Injured Athlete. Prehospital care of the spine-injured athlete: monograph summary. Clin J Sport Med 13 (2003) 59-61
81. Prehospital Care of the Spine-Injured Athlete. A Document from the Inter-Association Task Force for Appropriate Care of the Spine-Injured Athlete. National Athletic Trainers' Association. Available at: http://www.nata.org/statements/consensus/NATAPreHospital.pdf. Accessed September 4, 2006.
82. Weinstock J., Maron B.J., Song C., Mane P.P., Estes III N.A., and Link M.S. Failure of commercially available chest wall protectors to prevent sudden cardiac death induced by chest wall blows in an experimental model of commotio cordis. Pediatrics 117 (2006) e656-e662
83. Smith J.E. Cooling methods used in the treatment of exertional heat illness. Br J Sports Med 39 (2005) 503-507
84. Fontanarosa P.B. Electrical shock and lightning strike. Ann Emerg Med 22 (1993) 378-387
85. Roberts W.O., and Maron B.J. Evidence for decreasing occurrence of sudden cardiac death associated with the marathon. J Am Coll Cardiol 46 (2005) 1373-1374
86. Lyster T., Jorgenson D., and Morgan C. The safe use of automated external defibrillators in a wet environment. Prehosp Emerg Care 7 (2003) 307-311
87. Gao C., and Abeysekera J. A systems perspective of slip and fall accidents on icy and snowy surfaces. Ergonomics 47 (2004) 573-598
88. McKiernan F.E. A simple gait-stabilizing device reduces outdoor falls and nonserious injurious falls in fall-prone older people during the winter. J Am Geriatr Soc 53 (2005) 943-947