On the limits of effort testing: Symptom validity tests and severity of neurocognitive symptoms in nonlitigant patients

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 308-318

  Merten, Thomas ^a   Bossink, Linda ^b   Schmand, Ben ^b,c  

^a VIVANTES KLINIKUM IM FRIEDRICHSHAIN   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^c ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DECLARATIVE MEMORY; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; MALE; MALINGERING; MEMORY; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; MENTAL TEST; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCORING SYSTEM; SHORT TERM MEMORY; VALIDATION PROCESS; VALIDITY; VERBAL MEMORY; WORKING MEMORY;

ADULT; AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; COGNITION DISORDERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MALINGERING; MEMORY DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; WECHSLER SCALES;

EID: 34247177048     PISSN: 13803395     EISSN: 1744411X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13803390600693607     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Ashendorf, L., Constantinou, M., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2004). The effect of depression and anxiety on the TOMM in community-dwelling older adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 125-130.
2. Baker, G. A., Hanley, J. R., Jackson, H. F., Kimmance, S., & Slade, P. (1993). Detecting the faking of amnesia: Performance differences between simulators and patients with memory impairment. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 15, 668-684.
3. Bernard, L. C., McGrath, M. J., & Houston, W. (1996). The differential effects of simulating malingering, closed head injury, and other CNS pathology on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Support for the "pattern of performance". Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11, 231-245.
4. Boone, K. B., & Lu, P. H. (1999). Impact of somatoform symptomatology on credibility of cognitive performance. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13, 414-419.
5. Buschke, H. (1973). Selective reminding for analysis of memory and learning. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 543-546.
6. Cripe, L. I. (2002). Malady versus malingering: A tricky endeavor. In N. D. Zasler & M. F. Martelli (Eds.), Functional medical disorders: State of the art reviews in medicine and rehabilitation (pp. 95-112). New York: Hanley & Belfus.
7. Erzigkeit, H. (1996). SKT Manual. Kurztest zur Erfassung von Gedächtnis- und Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen [SKT manual: A short test for measuring deficits of memory and attention] (21st ed.). Witten, Germany: Geromed.
8. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). "Mini-Mental State": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 12, 189-198.
9. Gervais, R. O., Rohling, M. L., Green, P., & Ford, W. (2004). A comparison of WMT, CARB, and TOMM failure rates in non-head injury disability claimants. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 475-487.
10. Gorissen, M., Sanz de la Torre, J. C., & Schmand, B. (2005). Effort in the neuropsychological evaluation of schizophrenia (ENES study). Schizophrenia Research, 78, 199-208.
11. Green, P. (2003). Green's Word Memory Test. User's Manual. Edmonton, Canada: Green's Publishing.
12. Greiffenstein, M. F., Baker, W. J., & Gola, T. (1994). Validation of malingered amnesia measures with a large clinical sample. Psychological Assessment, 6, 218-224.
13. Guilmette, T. J., Whelihan, W. M., Hart, K. J., Sparadeo, F. R., & Buongiorno, G. (1996). Order effects in the administration of a forced-choice procedure for detection of malingering in disability claimants' evaluations. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 83, 1007-1016.
14. Hartman, D. E. (2002). The unexamined lie is a lie worth fibbing. Neuropsychological malingering and the Word Memory Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 709-714.
15. Heubrock, D., & Petermann, F. (2000). Testbatterie zur Forensischen Neuropsychologie, TBFN. Testmanual. Neuropsychologische Diagnostik bei Simulationsverdacht [Forensic Neuropsychological Test Battery. Manual]. Frankfurt, Germany: Swets Test Services.
16. Inman, T. H., & Berry, D. T. R. (2002). Cross-validation of indicators of malingering: A comparison of nine neuropsychological tests, four tests of malingering, and behavioral observations. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 1-23.
17. Iverson, G. L., & Franzen, M. D. (1996). Using multiple objective memory procedures to detect simulated malingering. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 18, 38-51.
18. Iverson, G. L., Lange, R. T., Green, P., & Franzen, M. D. (2002). Detecting exaggeration and malingering with the Trail Making Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 398-406.
19. Iverson, G. L., Slick, D. J., & Franzen, M. D. (2000). Evaluation of a WMS-R malingering index in a nonlitigating clinical sample. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22, 191-197.
20. Mathias, C. W., Greve, K. W., Bianchini, K. J., Houston, R. J., & Crouch, J. A. (2002). Detecting malingered neurocognitive dysfunction using the Reliable Digit Span in traumatic brain injury. Assessment, 9, 301-308.
21. McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDSADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology, 34, 939-944.
22. Merten, T. (2002). A short version of the Hooper Visual Organization Test: Development and validation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 136-144.
23. Merten, T., Green, P., Henry, M., Blaskewitz, N., & Brockhaus, R. (2005). Analog validation of German language symptom validity tests and the influence of coaching. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 719-726.
24. Merten, T., Henry, M., & Hilsabeck, R. (2004). Symptomvalidierungstests in der neuropsychologischen Diagnostik: eine Analogstudie [The use of symptom validity tests in neuropsychological assessment: An analogue study]. Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie, 15, 81-90.
25. Meyers, J. E., & Diep, A. (2000). Assessment of malingering in chronic pain patients using neuropsychological tests. Applied Neuropsychology, 7, 133-139.
26. Millis, S. R., Ross, S. R., & Ricker, J. H. (1998). Detection of incomplete effort on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised: A cross-validation. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20, 167-173.
27. Nelson, N. W., Boone, K., Dueck, A., Wagener, L., Lu, P., & Grills, C. (2003). Relationships between eight measures of suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 263-272.
28. Rees, L. M., Tombaugh, T. N., & Boulay, L. (2001). Depression and the Test of Memory Malingering. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 16, 501-506.
29. Reitan, R. M. (1992). Trail Making Test. Manual for Administration and Scoring. South Tucson, AZ: Reitan Neuropsychology Laboratory.
30. Ruffulo, L. F., Guilmette, T. J., & Willis, W. G. (2000). Comparison of time and error rates on the Trail Making Test among patients with head injuries, experimental malingerers, patients with suspect effort on testing, and normal controls. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 14, 223-230.
31. Schaaf, A., Kessler, J., Grond, M., & Fink, G. R. (1992). Memo-Test. Manual. Weinheim, Germany: Beltz Test.
32. Schagen, S., Schmand, B., de Sterke, S., & Lindeboom, J. (1997). Amsterdam Short-Term Memory test: A new procedure for the detection of feigned memory deficits. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 19, 43-51.
33. Schmand, B., & Lindeboom, J. (2005). Amsterdam Short-Term Memory Test. Amsterdamer Kurzzeitgedächtnistest. Manual, Handanweisung. Leiden, The Netherlands: PITS.
34. Slick, D. J., Tan, J. E., Strauss, E., Mateer, C. A., Harnadek, M., & Sherman, E. M. S. (2003). Victoria Symptom Validity Test scores of patients with profound memory impairment: Nonlitigant case studies. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 390-394.
35. Suhr, J., Tranel, D., Wefel, J., & Barrash, J. (1997). Memory performance after head injury: Contributions of malingering, litigation status, psychological factors, and medication use. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 19, 500-514.
36. Teichner, G., & Wagner, M. T. (2004). The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM): Normative data from cognitively intact, cognitively impaired, and elderly patients with dementia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 455-464.
37. Tombaugh, T. N. (1996). Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM). North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
38. Tombaugh, T. N. (2001). The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) in forensic psychology. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 2, 69-96.
39. van der Werf, S. P., Prins, J. B., Jongen, P. J., van der Meer, J. W., & Bleijenberg, G. (2000). Abnormal neuropsychological findings are not necessarily a sign of cerebral impairment: A matched comparison between chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple sclerosis. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology, 13, 199-203.
40. van Hout, M. S., Schmand, B., Wekking, E. M., Hageman, G., & Deelman, B. G. (2003). Suboptimal performance on neuropsychological tests in patients with suspected chronic toxic encephalopathy. Neurotoxicology, 24, 547-551.
41. Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
42. Wechsler, D. (1987). Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. Manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
43. Western Psychological Services (1983). Hooper Visual Organization Test (VOT). Manual. Los Angeles: Author.
44. Zimmermann, P., & Fimm, B. (1993). Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung (TAP). Handbuch Teil 1 [Test for Attentional Performance-TAP. Handbook, Part 1]. Würselen, Germany: Psytest.