Change in the scenery: An ethnographic exploration of crack cocaine use in rural Ohio

Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 81-107

  Draus, Paul J ^a   Carlson, Robert G ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN DEARBORN   (United States)

^b WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Crack cocaine use; Ethnography; Rural; Social context; Social networks

Indexed keywords

COCAINE; METHAMPHETAMINE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COCAINE DEPENDENCE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RURAL AREA; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIAL NETWORK; UNITED STATES; URBAN AREA;

ADULT; AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL; COCAINE-RELATED DISORDERS; CRACK COCAINE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; HISPANIC AMERICANS; HUMANS; INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OHIO; RURAL POPULATION; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIAL FACILITATION; SOCIAL SUPPORT; URBAN POPULATION;

EID: 34247119674     PISSN: 15332640     EISSN: 15332659     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J233v06n01_06     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Agar, M. (2003). The story of crack: Towards a theory of illicit drug trends. Addiction Research and Theory, 11(1), 3-29.
2. Anderson, E. (1999). The Code of the Street: Decency, Violence and the Moral Life of the Inner City. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
3. Boeije, H. (2002). A Purposeful Approach to the Constant Comparative Method in the Analysis of Qualitative Interviews. Quality & Quantity, 36, 391-409.
4. Bourgois, P. (1995). In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
5. Bourgois, P. & Dunlap, E. (1993). Exorcising Sex-for-Crack: An Ethnographic Perspective from HARLEM. In M. S. Ratner (Ed.), Crack Pipe as Pimp: An Ethnographic Investigation of Sex-for-Crack Exchanges (pp. 97-132). Lexington Books.
6. Brain, K. J., Bottomly, T., & Parker, H. (1999). Evolving Crack Cocaine Careers: New Users, Quitters and Long Term Combination Drug Users in NW England. Home Office, London.
7. Brown, E. J., Hill, M. A., & Giroux, S. A. (2004). "A 28-day Program Ain't Helping the Crack Smoker"-Perceptions of Effective Drug Abuse Prevention Interventions by North Central Florida African Americans Who Use Cocaine. The Journal of Rural Health, 20(3), 286-295.
8. Brown, E. J. & Trujillo, T. H. (2003). "Bottoming Out?" Among Rural African American women Who Use Cocaine. The Journal of Rural Health, 19(4), 441-449.
9. Carlson, R. G. & Siegal, H. A. (1991). The Crack Life: An Ethnographic Overview of Crack Use and Sexual Behavior Among African-Americans in a Midwest Metropolitan City. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 23(1), 11-20.
10. Carlson, R. G., Wang, J., Falck, R. S., & Siegal, H. A. (2001). A Crack User is a Crack User: Constructing a Typology of Crack Cocaine Users in the Midwest. Presentation at Society for Applied Anthropology Annual Meeting.
11. Community Epidemiology Work Group. (2004). Epidemiologic Trends in Drug Abuse, Volume 1: Highlights and Executive Summary, June 2003. (Vol. 1). Washington, DC: National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH Publication No. 04-5364A.
12. Cross, J. C., Johnson, B. D., Davis, W. R., & Liberty, H. J. (2001). Supporting the Habit: Income Generation Activities of Frequent Crack Users Compared with Frequent Users of Other Hard Drugs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 64(2), 191-201.
13. Crum, R. M., Lillie-Blanton, M., & Anthony, J. C. (1996). Neighborhood Environment and Opportunity to Use Cocaine and Other Drugs in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 43(3), 155-161.
14. Curtis, R. (2003). Mike Agar: "The Story of Crack." Addiction Research and Theory, 11(1), 39-42.
15. Daniulaityte, R., Carlson, R. G.,&Siegal, H. A. (in press). "Heavy Users," "Controlled Users," and "Quitters": Understanding Patterns of Crack Use Among Women in a Midwestern City. Substance Use and Misuse.
16. Dickson-Gómez, J., Weeks, M. R., Martinez, M.,& Radda, K. (2004). Reciprocity and Exploitation: Social Dynamics in Private Drug Use Sites. Journal of Drug Issues, 34(4), 913-932.
17. Draus, P., Siegal, H., Carlson, R., Falck, R.,&Wang, J. (2005). Cracking the Cornfields: Recruiting Illicit Stimulant Drug Users in Rural Ohio. The Sociological Quarterly, 46, 165-189.
18. Edlin, B. R., Irwin, K. L., Faruque, S., McCoy, C. B., Word, C., Serrano, Y., et al. (1994). Intersecting Epidemics-Crack Cocaine Use and HIV Infection Among Inner-City Young Adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 331(21), 1422-1427.
19. Fagan, J. & Chin, K.-l. (1989). Initiation into Crack and Cocaine: A Tale of Two Epidemics. Contemporary Drug Problems, 16(4), 579-617.
20. Fagan, J. & Chin, K.-l. (1991). Social Processes of Initiation into Crack. Journal of Drug Issues, 21(2), 313-331.
21. Fullilove, M. T., Lown, E. A., & Fullilove, R. E. (1992). Crack 'Hos and Skeezers: Traumatic Experiences of Women Crack Users. Journal of Sex Research, 29(2), 275-287.
22. Furst, R. T., Johnson, B. D.,&Dunlap, E. (1999). The Stigmatized Image of the "Crack Head": A Sociocultural Exploration of a Barrier to Cocaine Smoking Among a Cohort of Youth in New York City. Deviant Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 20, 153-181.
23. German, D. & Sterk, C. E. (2002). Looking Beyond Stereotypes: Exploring Variations Among Crack Smokers. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 34(4), 383-392.
24. Glaser, B. G. & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine.
25. Golub, A. & Johnson, B. D. (1996). The Crack Epidemic: Empirical Findings Support an Hypothesized Diffusion of Innovation Process. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 30(3), 221-231.
26. Green, A., Day, S., & Ward, H. (2000). Crack Cocaine and Prostitution in London in the 1990s. Sociology of Health and Illness, 22(1), 27-39.
27. Hamid, A. (1992). The Developmental Cycle of a Drug Epidemic: The Cocaine Smoking Epidemic of 1981-1991. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 24(4), 337-348.
28. Heckathorn, D. D. (1997). Respondent-Driven Sampling: A New Approach to the Study of Hidden Populations. Social Problems, 44(4), 174-199.
29. Humphries, D. (1998). Crack Mothers at 6: Prime-Time News, Crack/Cocaine, and Women. Violence Against Women, 4(1), 45-61.
30. Hunt, N. & Derricott, J. (2001). Smackheads, Crackheads and other Junkies: Dimensions of the Stigma of Drug Use. In T. Mason, C. Carlisle, C. Watkins & E. Whitehead (Eds.), Stigma and Social Exclusion in Health Care (pp. 190-205). London: Routledge.
31. Inciardi, J. A. (1987). Beyond Cocaine: Basuco, Crack, and Other Coca Products. Contemporary Drug Problems, 14(3), 461-492.
32. Inciardi, J. A. (1993). Kingrats, Chicken Heads, Slow Necks, Freaks, and Blood Suckers: A Glimpse at the Miami Sex-for-Crack Market. In M. S. Ratner (Ed.), Crack Pipe as Pimp: An Ethnographic Investigation of Sex-for-Crack Exchanges (pp. 37-67). Lexington Books.
33. Inciardi, J. A. & Pottieger, A. E. (1991). Kids, Crack, and Crime. Journal of Drug Issues, 21(2), 257-271.
34. Jackson-Jacobs, C. (2004). Hard Drugs in a Soft Context: Managing Trouble and Crack Use on a College Campus. The Sociological Quarterly, 45(4), 835-856.
35. Lemert, E. (1967). Human Deviance, Social Problems, and Social Control. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
36. Magura, S. & Rosenblum, A. (2000). Modulating Effect of Alcohol Use on Cocaine Use. Addictive Behaviors, 25(1), 117-122.
37. McCoy, H. V., Miles, C., & Inciardi, J. A. (1994). Survival Sex: Inner-City Women and Crack-Cocaine. In J. A. Inciardi & K. McElrath (Eds.), The American Drug Scene: An Anthology (pp. 172-177). Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing.
38. Mieczkowski, T. (1990). Crack Distribution in Detroit. Contemporary Drug Problems, 17(1), 9-30.
39. Miller, J. (1995). Gender and Power on the Streets: Street Prostitution in the Era of Crack Cocaine. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 23(4), 427-452.
40. Moore, D. (2004). Beyond "Subculture" in the Ethnography of Illicit Drug Use. Contemporary Drug Problems, 31, 181-212.
41. Morgan, P. & Joe, K. A. (1996). Citizens and Outlaws: The Private Lives and Public Lifestyles of Women in the Illicit Drug Economy. Journal of Drug Issues, 26(1), 125-143.
42. Murphy, S. & Rosenbaum, M. (1997). Two Women Who Used Cocaine Too Much: Class, Race, Gender, Crack, and Coke. In C. Reinarman & H. G. Levine (Eds.), Crack in America: Demon Drugsa and Social Justice (pp. 98-112). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
43. Ratner, M. S. (1993). Sex, Drugs, and Public Policy: Studying and Understanding the Sex-for-Crack Phenomenon. In M. S. Ratner (Ed.), Crack Pipe as Pimp: An Ethnographic Investigation of Sex-for-Crack Exchanges (pp. 1-35). New York, NY: Lexington Books.
44. Reinarman, C. & Levine, H. G. (1997). The Crack Attack: Politics and Media in the Crack Scare. In C. Reinarman & H. G. Levine (Eds.), Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice (pp. 18-51). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
45. Reinarman, C., Waldorf, D., Murphy, S., & Levine, H. G. (1997). The Contingent Call of the Pipe: Bingeing and Addiction Among Heavy Cocaine Smokers. In C. Reinarman & H. G. Levine (Eds.), Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice (pp. 77-97). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
46. Sterk-Elifson, C. (1996). Just for Fun? Cocaine Use Among Middle-Class Women. Journal of Drug Issues, 26(1), 63-77.
47. Storr, C. L., Arria, A. M., Workman, R. L., & Anthony, J. C. (2004). Neighborhood Environment and Opportunity to Try Methamphetamine ("Ice") and Marijuana: Evidence from Guam in the Western Pacific Region of Micronesia. Substance Use and Misuse, 39(2), 253-276.
48. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2003). National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Retrieved March 1, 2005, from http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/NHSDA/2k3tabs/Sect1peTabs1to66.htm#tab1.43a.
49. United States Sentencing Commission. (1995). The Distribution and Marketing of Cocaine (Report on cocaine and federal sentencing policy).
50. Van Ness, P. H., Davis, W. R., & Johnson, B. D. (2004). Socioeconomic Marginality and Health Services Utilization Among Central Harlem Substance Users. Substance Use and Misuse, 39(1), 61-85.
51. Wang, J., Carlson, R. G., Falck, R. S., Siegal, H. A., Rahman, A., & Li, L. (2005). Respondent-Driven Sampling to RecruitMDMAUsers: A Methodological Assessment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 78, 147-157.
52. Zinberg, N. E. (1984). Drug, Set, and Setting: The Basis for Controlled Intoxicant Use. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.