Ischemic Spinal Cord Infarction in Children Without Vertebral Fracture

Pediatric Neurology

Volumn 36, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 209-216

  Nance, Jessica R ^a   Golomb, Meredith R ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTIFACT; BLOOD VESSEL INJURY; BRAIN HERNIA; CHILD; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EMBOLISM; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; ISCHEMIA; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RARE DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SPINAL CORD INFARCTION; SPINAL CORD INJURY; SPINAL CORD ISCHEMIA; THROMBOSIS; VASCULITIS; VERTEBRA FRACTURE;

ADOLESCENT; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFARCTION; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; PHYSICAL THERAPY MODALITIES; SPINAL CORD; SPINAL FRACTURES;

EID: 34247108295     PISSN: 08878994     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.01.006     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Tosi L., Rigoli G., and Beltramello A. Fibrocartilaginous embolism of the spinal cord: a clinical and pathogenetic reconsideration. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 60 (1996) 55-60
2. Han J.J., Massagli T.L., and Jaffe K.M. Fibrocartilaginous embolism: an uncommon cause of spinal cord infarction: case report and review of the literature. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85 (2004) 153-157
3. Davis G.A., and Klug G.L. Acute-onset nontraumatic paraplegia in childhood: fibrocartilaginous embolism or acute myelitis?. Childs Nerv Syst 16 (2000) 551-554
4. Wilmshurst J.M., Walker M.C., and Pohl K.R. Rapid onset transverse myelitis in adolescence: implications for pathogenesis and prognosis. Arch Dis Child 80 (1999) 137-142
5. International Classification of Diseases: ICD-9-CM (1999), American Medical Association, Denver, DE
6. Sandson T.A., and Friedman J.H. Spinal cord infarction: report of 8 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 68 (1989) 282-292
7. Brewer III L.A., Fosburg R.G., Mulder G.A., and Verska J.J. Spinal cord complications following surgery for coarctation of the aorta: a study of 66 cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 64 (1972) 368-381
8. DeBakey M.E., McCollum C.H., Crawford E.S., et al. Dissection and dissecting aneurysms of the aorta: twenty-year follow-up of five hundred twenty-seven patients treated surgically. Surgery 92 (1982) 1118-1134
9. Sladky J.T., and Rorke L.B. Perinatal hypoxic/ischemic spinal cord injury. Pediatr Pathol 6 (1986) 87-101
10. Pang D. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality in children, 2 decades later. Neurosurgery 55 (2004) 1325-1342
11. Pang D., and Wilberger Jr. J.E. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities in children. J Neurosurg 57 (1982) 114-129
12. Salvador de la Barrera S., Barca-Buyo A., Montoto-Marques A., Ferreiro-Velasco M.E., Cidoncha-Dans M., and Rodriguez-Sotillo A. Spinal cord infarction: prognosis and recovery in a series of 36 patients. Spinal Cord 39 (2001) 520-525
13. Satran R. Spinal cord infarction. Stroke 19 (1988) 529-532
14. Williams L.S., Bruno A., and Biller J. Spinal cord infarction. Top Stroke Rehabil 3 (1996) 41-53
15. Foo D., and Rossier A.B. Anterior spinal artery syndrome and its natural history. Paraplegia 21 (1983) 1-10
16. Masson C., Pruvo J.P., Meder J.F., et al. Spinal cord infarction: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings and short term outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75 (2004) 1431-1435
17. Cheshire W.P., Santos C.C., Massey E.W., and Howard Jr. J.F. Spinal cord infarction: etiology and outcome. Neurology 47 (1996) 321-330
18. Ogino H., Tada K., Okada K., et al. Canal diameter, anteroposterior compression ratio, and spondylotic myelopathy of the cervical spine. Spine 8 (1983) 1-15
19. Singer R., Joseph K., Gilai A.N., and Meyer S. Nontraumatic, acute neonatal paraplegia. J Pediatr Orthop 11 (1991) 588-593
20. Goodman M.L., and Pang D. Spinal cord injury in I-cell disease. Pediatr Neurosci 14 (1988) 315-318
21. Mayhew J.F., Katz J., Miner M., Leiman B.C., and Hall I.D. Anaesthesia for the achondroplastic dwarf. Can Anaesth Soc J 33 (1986) 216-221
22. Wieting J.M., and Krach L.E. Spinal cord injury rehabilitation in a pediatric achondroplastic patient: case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 75 (1994) 106-108
23. Thron A.K. Postmortem angiography and microangiography of spinal cord vessels. Vascular anatomy of the spinal cord: neuroradiological investigations and clinical syndromes (1988), Springer-Verlag, New York 13-64
24. Bammer R., and Fazekas F. Diffusion imaging of the human spinal cord and the vertebral column. Top Magn Reson Imaging 14 (2003) 461-476
25. Kuker W., Weller M., Klose U., Krapf H., Dichgans J., and Nagele T. Diffusion-weighted MRI of spinal cord infarction: high resolution imaging and time course of diffusion abnormality. J Neurol 251 (2004) 818-824
26. Pierre-Jerome C., Arslan A., and Bekkelund S.I. MRI of the spine and spinal cord: imaging techniques, normal anatomy, artifacts, and pitfalls. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 23 (2000) 470-475
27. Servais L.J., Rivelli S.K., Dachy B.A., Christophe C.D., and Dan B. Anterior spinal artery syndrome after aortic surgery in a child. Pediatr Neurol 24 (2001) 310-312
28. Transverse Myelitis Consortium Working Group. Proposed diagnostic criteria and nosology of acute transverse myelitis. Neurology 59 (2002) 499-505
29. Gilles F.H., and Nag D. Vulnerability of the human spinal cord in transient cardiac arrest. Neurology 21 (1971) 833-839
30. Lin C.C., Chen S.Y., Lan C., Ting-Fang Shih T., Lin M.C., and Lai J.S. Spinal cord infarction caused by cardiac tamponade. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81 (2002) 68-71
31. Riche M.C., Modenesi-Freitas J., Djindjian M., and Merland J.J. Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) of the spinal cord in children: a review of 38 cases. Neuroradiology 22 (1982) 171-180
32. Bandyopadhyay S., and Sheth R.D. Acute spinal cord infarction: vascular steal in arteriovenous malformation. J Child Neurol 14 (1999) 685-687
33. Aziz E.M., and Robertson A.F. Paraplegia: a complication of umbilical artery catheterization. J Pediatr 82 (1973) 1051-1052
34. Brown M.S., and Phibbs R.H. Spinal cord injury in newborns from use of umbilical artery catheters: report of two cases and a review of the literature. J Perinatol 8 (1988) 105-110
35. Haldeman S., Fowler G.W., Ashwal S., and Schneider S. Acute flaccid neonatal paraplegia: a case report. Neurology 33 (1983) 93-95
36. Krishnamoorthy K.S., Fernandex R.J., Todres I.D., and De Long G.R. Paraplegia associated with umbilical artery catheterization in the newborn. Pediatrics 58 (1976) 443-445
37. Boglino C., Martins A.G., Ciprandi G., Sousinha M., and Inserra A. Spinal cord vascular injuries following surgery of advanced thoracic neuroblastoma: an unusual catastrophic complication. Med Pediatr Oncol 32 (1999) 349-352
38. Ross R.T. Spinal cord infarction in disease and surgery of the aorta. Can J Neurol Sci 12 (1985) 289-295
39. Castro-Vilanova M.D., de Toledo M., Mateos F., and Simon R. Isquemia-infarto medular [Spinal cord infarction/ischemia]. In Spanish. Rev Neurol 29 (1999) 977-980
40. Garland H., Greenberg J., and Harriman D.G. Infarction of the spinal cord. Brain 89 (1966) 645-662
41. Ahmann P.A., Smith S.A., Schwartz J.F., and Clark D.B. Spinal cord infarction due to minor trauma in children. Neurology 25 (1975) 301-307
42. Choi J.U., Hoffman H.J., Hendrick E.B., Humphreys R.P., and Keith W.S. Traumatic infarction of the spinal cord in children. J Neurosurg 65 (1986) 608-610
43. Ergun A., and Oder W. Pediatric care report of spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA): case report and literature review. Spinal Cord 41 (2003) 249-253
44. Linssen W.H., Praamstra P., Gabreels F.J., and Rotteveel J.J. Vascular insufficiency of the cervical cord due to hyperextension of the spine. Pediatr Neurol 6 (1990) 123-125
45. Cheshire D.J. The paediatric syndrome of traumatic myelopathy without demonstrable vertebral injury. Paraplegia 15 (1977) 74-85
46. Horowitz S.H., and Patel N. Peripheral neurophysiology of acute distal spinal cord infarction. Pediatr Neurol 28 (2003) 64-65
47. Riviello Jr. J.J., Marks H.G., Faerber E.N., and Steg N.L. Delayed cervical central cord syndrome after trivial trauma. Pediatr Emerg Care 6 (1990) 113-117
48. Lenn N.J. Spinal cord infarction due to minor trauma. Neurology 27 (1977) 999
49. Nitta H., Yamashita J., Nomura M., and Igarashi N. Cervical spinal cord infarction after surgery for a pineal region choriocarcinoma in the sitting position: case report. Neurosurgery 40 (1997) 1082-1085
50. Herrick M.K., and Agamanolis D.P. Displacement of cerebellar tissue into spinal canal: a component of the respirator brain syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 99 (1975) 565-571
51. Phelan M., and Manson J.I. Spinal cord dysfunction with quadriplegia complicating pneumococcal meningitis. Aust Paediatr J 23 (1987) 57-59
52. Norman M.G. Respiratory arrest and cervical spinal cord infarction following lumbar puncture in meningitis. Can J Neurol Sci 9 (1982) 443-447
53. Tal Y., Crichton J.U., Dunn H.G., and Dolman C.L. Spinal cord damage: a rare complication of purulent meningitis. Acta Paediatr Scand 69 (1980) 471-474
54. Swart S.S., and Pye I.F. Spinal cord ischaemia complicating meningococcal meningitis. Postgrad Med J 56 (1980) 661-662
55. DeSousa A.L., Kleiman M.B., and Mealey Jr. J. Quadriplegia and cortical blindness in hemophilus influenzae meningitis. J Pediatr 93 (1978) 253-254
56. Seidman E., Weber A.M., Morin C.L., et al. Spinal cord paralysis following sclerotherapy for esophageal varices. Hepatology 4 (1984) 950-954
57. Haupt H.M., Kurlinski J.P., Barnett N.K., and Epstein M. Infarction of the spinal cord as a complication of pneumococcal meningitis: case report. J Neurosurg 55 (1981) 121-123
58. Moffett K.S., and Berkowitz F.E. Quadriplegia complicating Escherichia coli meningitis in a newborn infant: case report and review of 22 cases of spinal cord dysfunction in patients with acute bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 25 (1997) 211-214
59. Glista G.G., Sullivan T.D., and Brumlik J. Spinal cord involvement in acute bacterial meningitis. JAMA 243 (1980) 1362-1363
60. Seay A.R. Spinal cord dysfunction complicating bacterial meningitis. Arch Neurol 41 (1984) 545-546
61. Verghote M., Rousseau E., and Geoffroy G. Quadriplegia after pneumococcal meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis 4 (1985) 559
62. Nadal D., and Boltshauser E. Transient paraparesis following bacterial meningitis. Helv Paediatr Acta 42 (1987) 55-57
63. Boothman B.R., Bamford J.M., and Parsons M.R. Paraplegia as a presenting feature of meningococcal meningitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 51 (1988) 1241
64. Coker S.B., Muraskas J.K., and Thomas C. Myelopathy secondary to neonatal bacterial meningitis. Pediatr Neurol 10 (1994) 259-261
65. Kirkpatrick M., Brooker R.J., Helms P.J., and Cole G.F. Spinal cord dysfunction in neonatal meningococcal meningitis. Eur J Pediatr 153 (1994) 367-368
66. Kastenbauer S., Winkler F., Fesl G., et al. Acute severe spinal cord dysfunction in bacterial meningitis in adults: MRI findings suggest extensive myelitis. Arch Neurol 58 (2001) 806-810
67. Graus F., Arbizu T., and Ruyfi G. Partial Brown-Séquard's syndrome and meningococcal meningitis. Arch Neurol 38 (1981) 602
68. Caruso J.M., Tung G.A., and Brown W.D. Central nervous system and renal vasculitis associated with primary varicella infection in a child. Pediatrics 107 (2001) E9
69. Schumacher J.D., Tien R.D., and Lane K. Neuroimaging findings in rare amebic infections of the central nervous system. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16 (1995) 930-935
70. Young G., Krohn K.A., and Packer R.J. Prothrombin g20210a mutation in a child with spinal cord infarction. J Pediatr 134 (1999) 777-779
71. Hakimi K.N., and Massagli T.L. Anterior spinal artery syndrome in two children with genetic thrombotic disorders. J Spinal Cord Med 28 (2005) 69-73
72. Hasegawa M., Yamashita J., Yamashima T., Ikeda K., Fujishima Y., and Yamazaki M. Spinal cord infarction associated with primary antiphospholipid syndrome in a young child: case report. J Neurosurg 79 (1993) 446-450
73. Cooper D., Magilner D., and Call J. Spinal cord infarction after weight lifting. Am J Emerg Med 24 (2006) 352-355
74. Almasanu B.P., Owensby J.R., Pavlakis S.G., and Edwards J.H. Spinal cord infarction in meningitis: polygenic risk factors. Pediatr Neurol 32 (2005) 124-126
75. Ramelli G.P., Wyttenbach R., von der Weid N., and Ozdoba C. Anterior spinal artery syndrome in an adolescent with protein s deficiency. J Child Neurol 16 (2001) 134-135
76. Lewis D.W., Packer R.J., Raney B., Rak I.W., Belasco J., and Lange B. Incidence, presentation, and outcome of spinal cord disease in children with systemic cancer. Pediatrics 78 (1986) 438-443
77. Falko J.M., Williams J.C., Harvey D.G., Weidman S.W., Schonfeld G., and Dodson W.E. Hyperlipoproteinemia and multifocal neurologic dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Pediatr 95 (1979) 523-529
78. Cauzinille L. Fibrocartilaginous embolism in dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 30 (2000) 155-167 vii.
79. Gandini G., Cizinauskas S., Lang J., Fatzer R., and Jaggy A. Fibrocartilaginous embolism in 75 dogs: clinical findings and factors influencing the recovery rate. J Small Anim Pract 44 (2003) 76-80
80. Coradini M., Johnstone I., Filippich L.J., and Armit S. Suspected fibrocartilaginous embolism in a cat. Aust Vet J 83 (2005) 550-551
81. Scott H.W., and O'Leary M.T. Fibro-cartilaginous embolism in a cat. J Small Anim Pract 37 (1996) 228-231
82. Fuentealba I.C., Weeks B.R., Martin M.T., Joyce J.R., and Wease G.S. Spinal cord ischemic necrosis due to fibrocartilaginous embolism in a horse. J Vet Diagn Invest 3 (1991) 176-179
83. Benson J.E., and Schwartz K.J. Ischemic myelomalacia associated with fibrocartilaginous embolism in multiple finishing swine. J Vet Diagn Invest 10 (1998) 274-277
84. Stedman N.L., Brown T.P., and Rowland G.N. Intravascular cartilaginous emboli in the spinal cord of turkeys. Avian Dis 42 (1998) 423-428
85. Naiman J., Donohue W.L., and Prichard J.S. Fatal nucleus pulposis embolism of spinal cord after trauma. Neurology 11 (1961) 83-87
86. Yousef O.M., Appenzeller P., and Kornfeld M. Fibrocartilagenous embolism: an unusual cause of spinal cord infarction. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 19 (1998) 395-399
87. Toro G., Roman G.C., Navarro-Roman L., Cantillo J., Serrano B., and Vergara I. Natural history of spinal cord infarction caused by nucleus pulposus embolism. Spine 19 (1994) 360-366
88. Raghavan A., Onikul E., Ryan M.M., Prelog K., Taranath A., and Chennapragada M. Anterior spinal cord infarction owing to possible fibrocartilaginous embolism. Pediatr Radiol 34 (2004) 503-506
89. Furtner M., Felber S., and Poewe W. Fibrokartilaginare Embolie des Rückenmarks [Spinal fibrocartilaginous embolism]. In German. Nervenarzt 76 (2005) 1246-1249
90. Cook Jr. J.R. Fibrocartilaginous embolism. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 18 (1988) 581-592
91. Vandertop W.P., Elderson A., van Gijn J., and Valk J. Anterior spinal artery syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 12 (1991) 505-506
92. Lemke R.P., Idiong N., al-Saedi S., et al. Spinal cord infarct after arterial switch associated with an umbilical artery catheter. Ann Thorac Surg 62 (1996) 1532-1534
93. Pelser H., and van Gijn J. Spinal infarction: a follow-up study. Stroke 24 (1993) 896-898
94. Dare A.O., Dias M.S., and Li V. Magnetic resonance imaging correlation in pediatric spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality. J Neurosurg 97 (2002) 33-39
95. Davis P.C., Reisner A., Hudgins P.A., Davis W.E., and O'Brien M.S. Spinal injuries in children: role of MR. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 14 (1993) 607-617
96. Grabb P.A., and Pang D. Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality in children. Neurosurgery 35 (1994) 406-414
97. Burke D.C. Spinal cord trauma in children. Paraplegia 9 (1971) 1-14
98. Liao C.C., Lui T.N., Chen L.R., Chuang C.C., and Huang Y.C. Spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality in preschool-aged children: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging findings with neurological outcomes. J Neurosurg 103 (2005) 17-23