Are passive smoking, air pollution and obesity a greater mortality risk than major radiation incidents?

BMC Public Health

Volumn 7, Issue , 2007, Pages

  Smith, Jim T ^a  

^a CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; ATOMIC BOMB; CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT; DISEASE SEVERITY; HUMAN; IONIZING RADIATION; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LIFESTYLE; MORTALITY; OBESITY; PASSIVE SMOKING; POPULATION EXPOSURE; POPULATION RISK; RADIATION ACCIDENT; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RADIATION HAZARD; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; SURVIVOR; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS; ADULT; AIR POLLUTANT; FEMALE; INDOOR AIR POLLUTION; MALE; RADIATION INJURY; RADIATION RESPONSE;

ACCIDENTS, RADIATION; ADULT; AIR POLLUTANTS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, RADIATION; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LIFE STYLE; MALE; NEOPLASMS, RADIATION-INDUCED; OBESITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; TOBACCO SMOKE POLLUTION;

EID: 34147221423     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712458     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-49     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. The human consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear accident: A strategy for recovery. UNDP/UNICEF, New York, United Nations Development Programme 2002
2. Chernobyl: Catastrophe and Consequences. JT Smith NA Beresford, Berlin, Springer 2005
3. Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. CA Pope RT Burnett MJ Thun EE Calle D Krewski K Ito GD Thurston, J Am Med Assoc 2002 287 1132 1141 10.1001/jama.287.9.1132
4. Body mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. EE Calle MJ Thun JM Petrelli C Rodriguez CW Heath, New Eng J Med 1999 341 1097 1105 10.1056/NEJM199910073411501 10511607
5. Passive smoking and the risk of coronary heart disease - A meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. J He S Vupputuri K Allen MR Prerost J Hughes PK Whelton, New Eng J Med 1999 340 920 926 10.1056/NEJM199903253401204 10089185
6. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 year's observations on male British doctors. R Doll R Peto J Boreham I Sutherland, Br Med J 2004 328 1519-1528
7. A quantitative risk-benefit analysis of changes in population fish consumption. JT Cohen DC Bellinger WE Connor PM Kris-Etherton RS Lawrence DA Savitz BA Shaywitz SM Teutsch GM Gray, Am J Prev Med 2005 29 325 334 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.07.003 16242599
8. Perception of Risk from Radiation. P Slovic, Radiat Prot Dosimetry 1996 68 165 180
9. Ethical values in radiological protection. D Oughton, Radiat Prot Dosimetry 1996 68 203 208
10. Report to the General Assembly: Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. Volume II. UNSCEAR, New York, United Nations 2000
11. Health effects of the Chernobyl accident and special health care programmes. WHO, Geneva, World Health Organization 2006 160 pp.
12. Cancer consequences of the Chernobyl accident: 20 years on. E Cardis G Howe E Ron V Bebeshko T Bogdanova A Bouville Z Carr V Chumak S Davis Y Demidchik, J Radiol Prot 2006 26 127 140 10.1088/0952-4746/26/2/001 16738412
13. Effect of Recent Changes in Atomic Bomb Survivor Dosimetry on Cancer Mortality Risk Estimates. DL Preston DA Pierce Y Shimizu HM Cullings S Fujita S Funamoto K Kodama, Radiation Research 2004 162 4 377 389 10.1667/RR3232 15447045
14. Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation. BEIR-VII Phase 2. NAS, Washington D.C., National Academies Press 2005
15. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP, Oxford, Pergamon Press 1991
16. Estimates of the cancer burden in Europe from radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident. E Cardis D Krewski M Boniol V Drozdovitch SC Darby ES Gilbert S Akiba J Benichou J Ferlay S Gandini C Hill G Howe A Kesminiene M Moser M Sanchez H Storm L Voisin P Boyle, Int Cancer 2006 119 1224 1235 10.1002/ijc.22037
17. Health Effects of Exposure to Radon: BEIR VI. NAS, Washington D.C., National Academy of Sciences 1999
18. Assessment of risks from radon in homes. USEPA, Washington D.C., US Environmental Protection Agency 2003
19. Longevity of atomic-bomb survivors. JB Cologne DL Preston, Lancet 2000 356 303 307 11071186 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02506-X
20. Pollution - Chernobyl's legacy in food and water. JT Smith RNJ Comans NA Beresford SM Wright BJ Howard WC Camplin, Nature 2000 405 6783 141 141 10.1038/35012139 10821261
21. Revised generalised derived limits for radioisotopes of strontium, ruthenium, iodine, caesium, plutonium, americium and curium. NRPB, Documents of the NRPB vol 9 Chilton, National Radiological Protection Board 1998
22. PM10 annual mean: Comparison with health objective for 2004: Urban Sites 1992-2005. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/airqual/index.htm
23. Statement on long-term effects of particles on mortality. COMEAP, Report of the Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants COMEAP 2001
24. PM2.5 and daily mortality in the West Midlands conurbation, UK. SA Bremner HR Anderson RW Atkinson, London, Department of Health 1999
25. Fact Sheet: Obesity in the U.S. AOA, Washington D.C., American Obesity Association 2005
26. Years of Life Lost Due to Obesity. KR Fontaine DT Redden C Wang AO Westfall DB Allison, JAMA 2003 289 187 193 12517229 10.1001/jama.289.2.187
27. Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. KM Flegal BI Graubard DF Williamson MH Gail, JAMA 2005 293 1861 1867 15840860 10.1001/jama.293.15.1861
28. Calculating deaths attributable to obesity. FB Hu WC Willett MJ Stampfer D Spiegelman GA Colditz, Am J Public Health 2005 95 932 10.2105/AJPH.2005.062836 15914810
29. Flegal et al. respond. KM Flegal David F. Williamson, D.F., Pamuk, E.R., Am J Public Health 2005 95 932 933 10.2105/AJPH.2005.063065 15914810
30. Mortality from cancer in relation to smoking: 50 year's observations on male British doctors. R Doll R Peto J Boreham I Sutherland, Br J Cancer 2005 92 426 429 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602450 15668706
31. Epidemiology of smoking-induced cardiovascular disease. DM Burns, Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2003 46 11 29 12920698 10.1016/S0033-0620(03)00079-3
32. The accumulated evidence on lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke. AK Hackshaw MR Law MJ Wald, Br Med J 1997 315 980 988
33. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and ischaemic heart disease: an evaluation of the evidence. MR Law JK Morris NJ Wald, BMJ 1997 315 973 980 9365294
34. Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Cal/EPA, Smoking and Tobacco Control, Monograph 10 Sacramento, California Environmental Protection Agency 1997
35. Deaths in the United States from passive smoking; ten year update. AJ Wells, Environ Int 1999 25 515 519 10.1016/S0160-4120(99)00020-3
36. Passive smoking and the risk of heart disease. K Steenland, JAMA 1992 267 94 99 1727204 10.1001/jama.267.1.94
37. Radiation risk estimates in the beginning of the 21st Century. E Cardis D Richardson A Kesminiene, Health Phys 2001 80 349 361 11281203
38. Radiation-related cancer risks at low doses among atomic bomb survivors. DA Pierce DL Preston, Radiation Research 2000 154 178 186 10.1667/0033- 7587(2000)154[0178:RRCRAL]2.0.CO;2 10931690
39. Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: assessing what we really know. DJ Brenner R Doll DT Goodhead EJ Hall CE Land JB Little JH Lubin DL Preston RJ Preston JS Puskin E Ron RK Sachs JM Samet RB Setlow M Zaider, Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2003 100 13761 13766 14610281 10.1073/pnas. 2235592100
40. Hereditary effects of radiation: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation: Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexe. UNSCEAR, New York, United Nations 2001
41. The children of parents exposed to atomic bombs: estimates of the genetic doubling dose of radiation for humans. JV Neel WJ Schull AA Awa C Satoh H Kato M Otake Y Yoshimoto, Am J Hum Genet 1990 46 1053 1072 2339701
42. Health effects of an air pollution episode in London, December 1991. HR Anderson ES Limb JM Bland A Ponce de Leon DP Strachan JS Bower, Thorax 1995 50 1188 1193 8553276
43. An association between air pollution and mortality in six US cities. DW Dockery CA Pope X Xu JD Spengler JH Ware ME Fay BG Ferris FE Speizer, New Eng J Med 1993 329 1753 1759 10.1056/NEJM199312093292401 8179653
44. Quantification of the impacts of air pollution on chronic cause-specific mortality. IOM Research Report TM/01/08. BG Miller B Armstrong, Edinburgh, Institute of Occupational Medicine 2001
45. Epidemiology faces its limits. G Taubes CC Mann, Science 1995 269 164 169 10.1126/science.7618077 7618077
46. Particulate air pollution: weighing the risks. J Schwartz, Washington D.C., Competitive Enterprise Institute 2003
47. Passive smoking, coronary heart disease, and meta-analysis. JC Bailar, New Eng J Med 1999 340 958 959 10.1056/NEJM199903253401211 10089192
48. Effect of passive smoking on health. G Davey Smith, BMJ 2003 326 7398 1048 1049 12750182 10.1136/bmj.326.7398.1048
49. ICRP draft recommendations 2005 and radon exposure. AR Denman S Parkinson CJ Groves-Kirkby, J Radiol Prot 2004 24 423 429 10.1088/0952-4746/24/1/007 15682910
50. Central index of Dose Information. Summary of Statistics for 2003. HSE, Health and Safety Executive 2004
51. Air crew radiation exposure - an overview. S Bailey, Nuclear News January 2000 32 40
52. Pathways, levels and trends of population exposure after the Chernobyl accident. M Balonov P Jacob I Likhtarev V Minenko, The radiological consequences of the Chernobyl accident Brussels, European Commission, Karaoglou A, Desmet G, Kelly GN, Menzel HG, 1996 235 249
53. Strategy of population protection and area rehabilitation in Russia in the remote period after the Chernobyl accident. M Balonov LI Anisimova GS Perminova, J Radiol Prot 1999 19 261 269 10.1088/0952-4746/19/3/304 10503704
54. Uncertainties in fatal cancer risk estimates used in radiation protection. NCRP Report No. 126. NCRP, Bethesda, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement 1997