Coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus

Veterinary Research

Volumn 38, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 281-297

  Cavanagh, Dave ^a  

^a INSTITUTE FOR ANIMAL HEALTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Host range; In ovo; Tropism; Vaccines

Indexed keywords

ADENOVIRUS VECTOR; INACTIVATED VACCINE; INTERFERON; LIVE VACCINE; SUBUNIT VACCINE; VIRUS PROTEIN; VIRUS VACCINE; VITRONECTIN;

ANTIGENICITY; AVIAN INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS; BIRD DISEASE; BRONCHITIS; CHICKEN; CLINICAL FEATURE; CORONAVIRUS; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; EGG PRODUCTION; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION; HUMAN; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION SENSITIVITY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOGENICITY; POULTRY; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM; REVIEW; SEROTYPE; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; VACCINATION; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS STRAIN;

ANIMALS; CHICKENS; INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS; POULTRY DISEASES; VIRAL VACCINES;

AVES; AVIAN INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS; CORONAVIRUS; GALLUS GALLUS; SPONDIAS PURPUREA;

EID: 34147160583     PISSN: 09284249     EISSN: 12979716     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006055     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Ambali A.G., Jones R.C., Early pathogenesis in chicks of infection with an enterotropic strain of infectious bronchitis virus, Avian Dis. (1990) 34:809-817.
2. Bacon L.D., Hunter D.B., Zhang H.M., Brand K., Etches R., Retrospective evidence that the MHC (B haplotype) of chickens influences genetic resistance to attenuated infectious bronchitis vaccine strains in chickens, Avian Pathol. (2004) 33:605-609.
3. Ballesteros M.L., Sanchez C.M., Enjuanes L., Two amino acid changes at the N-terminus of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus spike protein result in the loss of enteric tropism, Virology (1997) 227:378-388.
4. Bijlenga G., Cook J.K.A., Gelb J., de Wit J.J., Development and use of the H strain of avian infectious bronchitis virus from The Netherlands as a vaccine: a review, Avian Pathol. (2004) 33:550-557.
5. Boltz D.A., Nakai M., Bahra J.M., Avian infectious bronchitis virus: a possible cause of reduced fertility in the rooster, Avian Dis. (2004) 48:909-915.
6. Box P.G., Beresford A.W., Roberts B., Protection of laying hens against infectious bronchitis with inactivated emulsion vaccines, Vet. Rec. (1980) 106:264-268.
7. Britton P., Evans S., Dove B., Davies M., Casais R., Cavanagh D., Generation of a recombinant avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus using transient dominant selection, J. Virol. Methods (2005) 123:203-211.
8. Bumstead N., Huggins M.B., Cook J.K.A., Genetic differences in susceptibility to a mixture of avian infectious bronchitis virus and Escherichia coli, Br. Poult. Sci. (1989) 30:39-48.
9. Capua I., Minta Z., Karpinska E., Mawditt K., Britton P., Cavanagh D., Gough R.E., Cocirculation of four types of infectious bronchitis virus (793/B 624/I B1648 and Massachusetts), Avian Pathol. (1999) 28:587-592.
10. Casais R., Dove B., Cavanagh D., Britton P., Recombinant avian infectious bronchitis virus expressing a heterologous spike gene demonstrates that the spike protein is a determinant of cell tropism, J. Virol. (2003) 77:9084-9089.
11. Casais R., Davies M., Cavanagh D., Britton P., Gene 5 of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus is not essential for replication, J. Virol. (2005) 79:8065-8078.
12. Cavanagh D., Davis P.J., Darbyshire J.H., Peters R.W., Coronavirus IBV: virus retaining spike glycopolypeptide S2 but not S1 is unable to induce virus-neutralizing or haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody or induce chicken tracheal protection, J. Gen. Virol. (1986) 67:1435-1442.
13. Cavanagh D., Davis P.J., Coronavirus IBV: removal of spike glycopolypeptide S1 by urea abolishes infectivity and haemagglutination but not attachment to cells, J. Gen. Virol. (1986) 67:1443-1448.
14. Cavanagh D., Davis P.J., Mockett A.P., Amino acids within hypervariable region 1 of avian coronavirus IBV (Massachusetts serotype) spike glycoprotein are associated with neutralization epitopes, Virus Res. (1988) 11:141-150.
15. Cavanagh D., Davis P.J., Cook J.K.A., Li D., Kant A., Koch G., Location of the amino-acid differences in the S1 spike glycoprotein subunit of closely related serotypes of infectious-bronchitis virus, Avian Pathol. (1992) 21:33-43.
16. Cavanagh D., Davis P.J., Cook J.K.A., Infectious bronchitis virus: evidence for recombination within the Massachusetts serotype, Avian Pathol. (1992) 21:401-408.
17. Cavanagh D., Ellis M.M., Cook J.K.A., Relationship between sequence variation in the S1 spike protein of infectious bronchitis virus and the extent of cross-protection in vivo, Avian Pathol. (1997) 26:63-74.
18. Cavanagh D., Mawditt K., Britton P., Naylor C.J., Longitudinal field studies of infectious bronchitis virus and avian pneumovirus in broilers using type-specific polymerase chain reactions, Avian Pathol. (1999) 28:593-605.
19. Cavanagh D., A nomenclature for avian coronavirus isolates and the question of species status, Avian Pathol. (2001) 30:109-115.
20. Cavanagh D., Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine development: experiences of vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus, Avian Pathol. (2003) 32:567-582.
21. Cavanagh D., Naqi S., Infectious bronchitis, in: Saif Y.M., Barnes H.J., Glisson J.R., Fadly A.M., McDougald L.R., Swayne D.E. (Eds.), Diseases of poultry, Iowa, 11th edition, Ames, Iowa State University Press, 2003, pp. 101-119.
22. Cavanagh D., Coronaviruses in poultry and other birds, Avian Pathol. (2005) 34:439-448.
23. Cavanagh D., Coronaviridae: a review of coronaviruses and toroviruses, in: Schmidt A., Wolff M.H. (Eds.), Coronaviruses with special emphasis on first insights concerning SARS, Basel, Birkhäuser, 2005, pp. 1-54.
24. Cavanagh D., Picault J.P., Gough R., Hess M., Mawditt K., Britton P., Variation in the spike protein of the 793/B type of infectious bronchitis virus in the field and during alternate passage in chickens and embryonated eggs, Avian Pathol. (2005) 34:20-25.
25. Chen B.Y., Itakura C., Cytopathology of chick renal epithelial cells experimentally infected with avian infectious bronchitis virus, Avian Pathol. (1996) 25:675-690.
26. Chen B.Y., Hosi S., Nunoya T., Itakura C., Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of renal lesions due to infectious bronchitis virus in chicks, Avian Pathol. (1996) 25:269-283.
27. Collisson E.W., Pei J., Dzielawa J., Seo S.H., Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are critical in the control of infectious bronchitis virus in poultry, Dev. Comp. Immunol. (2000) 24:187-200.
28. Cook J.K., Smith H.W., Huggins M.B., Infectious bronchitis immunity: its study in chickens experimentally infected with mixtures of infectious bronchitis virus and Escherichia coli, J. Gen. Virol. (1986) 67:1427-1434.
29. Cook J.K.A., Orbell S.J., Woods M.A., Huggins M.B., Breadth of protection of the respiratory tract provided by different live-attenuated infectious bronchitis vaccines against challenge with infectious bronchitis viruses of heterologous types, Avian Pathol. (1999) 28:471-479.
30. Cook J.K., Chesher J., Baxendale W., Greenwood N., Huggins M.B., Orbell S.J., Protection of chickens against renal damage caused by a nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus, Avian Pathol. (2001) 30:423-426.
31. Darbyshire J.H., Rowell J.G., Cook J.K.A., Peters R.W., Taxonomic studies on strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus using neutralisation tests in tracheal organ cultures, Arch. Virol. (1979) 61:227-238.
32. Darbyshire J.H., Peters R.W., Sequential development of humoral immunity and assessment of protection in chickens following vaccination and challenge with avian infectious bronchitis virus, Res. Vet. Sci. (1984) 37:77-86.
33. De Haan C.A., Masters P.S., Shen X., Weiss S., Rottier P.J., The group-specific murine coronavirus genes are not essential but their deletion by reverse genetics is attenuating in the natural host, Virology (2002) 296:177-89.
34. De Wit J.J., Detection of infectious bronchitis virus, Avian Pathol. (2000) 29:71-93.
35. Dhinaker Raj G., Jones R.C., Infectious bronchitis virus: immunopathogenesis of infection in the chicken, Avian Pathol. (1997) 26:677-706.
36. El Houadfi M., Jones R.C., Cook J.K.A., Ambali A.G., The isolation and characterisation of six avian infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in Morocco, Avian Pathol. (1986) 15:93-105.
37. Farsang A., Ros C., Renström L.H.M., Baule C., Soós T., Belák S., Molecular epizootiology of infectious bronchitis virus in Sweden indicating the involvement of a vaccine strain, Avian Pathol. (2002) 31:229-236.
38. Ganapathy K., Cargill P.W., Jones R.C., A comparison of methods of inducing lachrymation and tear collection in chickens for detection of virus-specific immuoglobulins after infection with infectious bronchitis virus, Avian Pathol. (2005) 34:248-251.
39. Gelb J., Keeler C.L., Nix W.A., Rosenberger J.K., Cloud S.S., Antigenic and S-1 genomic characterization of the Delaware variant serotype of infectious bronchitis virus, Avian Dis. (1997) 41:661-669.
40. Gelb J. Jr., Weisman Y., Ladman B.S., Meir R., S1 gene characteristics and efficacy of vaccination against infectious bronchitis virus field isolates from the United States and Israel (1996 to 2000), Avian Pathol. (2005) 34:194-203.
41. González J.M., Gomez-Puertas P., Cavanagh D., Gorbalenya A.E., Enjuanes L., A comparative sequence analysis to revise the current taxonomy of the family Coronaviridae, Arch. Virol. (2003) 148:2207-2235.
42. Gough R.E., Alexander D.J., Comparison of duration of immunity in chickens infected with a live infectious bronchitis vaccine by three different routes, Res. Vet. Sci. (1979) 26:329-332.
43. Gough R.E., Drury S.E., Culver F., Britton P., Cavanagh D., Isolation of a coronavirus from a green-cheeked Amazon parrot (Amazona viridigenalis Cassin), Avian Pathol. (2006) 35:122-126.
44. Haijema B.J., Volders H., Rottier P.J.M., Switching species tropism: an effective way to manipulate the feline coronavirus genome, J. Virol. (2003) 77:4528-4538.
45. Haijema B.J., Volders H., Rottier P.J.M., Live attenuated coronavirus vaccines through the directed deletion of group-specific genes provide protection against feline infectious peritonitis, J. Virol. (2004) 78:3863-3871.
46. Hodgson T., Casais R., Dove B., Britton P., Cavanagh D., Recombinant infectious bronchitis coronavirus Beaudette with the spike protein gene of the pathogenic M41 strain remains attenuated but induces protective immunity, J. Virol. (2004) 78:13804-13811.
47. Hodgson T., Britton P., Cavanagh D., Neither the RNA nor the proteins of open reading frames 3a and 3b of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus are essential for replication, J. Virol. (2006) 80:296-305.
48. Hofstad M.S., Yoder H.W. Jr., Avian infectious bronchitis - virus distribution in tissues of chicks, Avian Dis. (1966) 10:230-239.
49. Hofstad M.S., Cross-immunity in chickens using seven isolates of avian infectious bronchitis virus, Avian Dis. (1981) 25:650-654.
50. Ignjatovic J., McWaters P.G., Monoclonal antibodies to 3 structural proteins of avian infectious-bronchitis virus - characterization of epitopes and antigenic differentiation of Australian strains, J. Gen. Virol. (1991) 72:2915-2922.
51. Ignjatovic J., Galli L., The S1 glycoprotein but not the N or M proteins of avian infectious bronchitis virus induces protection in vaccinated chickens, Arch. Virol. (1994) 138:117-134.
52. Jia W., Karaca K., Parrish C.R., Naqi S.A., A novel variant of avian infectious bronchitis virus resulting from recombination among three different strains, Arch. Virol. (1995) 140:259-271.
53. Johnson M.A., Pooley C., Ignjatovic J., Tyack S.G., A recombinant fowl adenovirus expressing the S1 gene of infectious bronchitis virus protects against challenge with infectious bronchitis virus, Vaccine (2003) 21:2730-2736.
54. Jonassen C.M., Kofstad T., Larsen I.L., Lovland A., Handeland K., Follestad A., Lillehang A., Molecular identification and characterization of novel coronaviruses infecting greylag geese (Anser anser), feral pigeons (Columba livia) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), J. Gen. Virol. (2005) 86:1597-1607.
55. Jones R.C., Ambali A.G., Re-excretion of an enterotropic infectious bronchitis virus by hens at point of lay after experimental infection at day old, Vet. Rec. (1987) 120:617-620.
56. Kant A., Koch G., van Roozelaar D.J., Kusters J.G., Poelwijk F.A.J., van der Zeijst B.A.M., Location of antigenic sites defined by neutralising monoclonal antibodies on the S1 avian infectious bronchitis virus glycopolypeptide, J. Gen. Virol. (1992) 73:591-596.
57. Koch G., Hartog L., Kant A., van Roozelaar D.J., Antigenic domains of the peplomer protein of avian infectious bronchitis virus: correlation with biological function, J. Gen. Virol. (1990) 71:1929-1935.
58. Kottier S.A., Cavanagh D., Britton P., Experimental evidence of recombination in coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus, Virology (1995) 213:569-580.
59. Krempl C., Ballesteros M., Zimmer G., Enjuanes L., Klenk H., Herrler G., Characterization of the sialic acid binding activity of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus by analysis of haemagglutination-deficient mutants, J. Gen. Virol. (2000) 81:489-496.
60. Kuo L., Godeke G.J., Raamsman M.J., Masters P.S., Rottier P.J., Retargeting of coronavirus by substitution of the spike glycoprotein ectodomain: crossing the host cell species barrier, J. Virol. (2000) 74:1393-1406.
61. Ladman B.S., Loupos A.B., Gelb J. Jr., Infectious bronchitis virus S1 gene sequence comparison is a better predictor of challenge of immunity in chickens than serotyping by virus neutralization, Avian Pathol. (2006) 35:127-133.
62. Lai M.M., Cavanagh D., The molecular biology of coronaviruses, Adv. Virus Res. (1997) 48:1-100.
63. Lambrechts C., Pensaert M., Ducatelle R., Challenge experiments to evaluate cross-protection induced at the trachea and kidney level by vaccine strains and Belgian nephropathogenic isolates of avian infectious bronchitis virus, Avian Pathol. (1993) 22:577-590.
64. Li H., Yang H.C., Sequence analysis of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus strains of the Massachusetts genotype in Beijing, Avian Pathol. (2001) 30:535-541.
65. Liu S., Kong X., A new genotype of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus circulating in vaccinated and nonvaccinated flocks in China, Avian Pathol. (2004) 33:321-327.
66. Liu S., Chen J., Kong X., Shao Y., Han Z., Feng L., Cai X., Gu S., Liu M., Isolation of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus from domestic peafowl (Pavo cristatus) and teal (Anas), J. Gen. Virol. (2005) 86:719-725.
67. Mardani K., Noormohammadi A.H., Ignjatovic J., Browning G.F., Typing infectious bronchitis virus strains using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to compare the 3′ 7.5 kb of their genomes, Avian Pathol. (2006) 35:63-69.
68. Martins N.R., Mockett A.P., Barrett A.D., Cook J.K., IgM responses in chicken serum to live and inactivated infectious bronchitis virus vaccines, Avian Dis. (1991) 35:470-475.
69. McDougall J.S., Avian infectious bronchitis virus: the protection afforded by an inactivated virus vaccine, Vet. Rec. (1969) 85:378-381.
70. Meulemans G., Boschmans M., Decaesstecker M., van den Berg T.P., Denis P., Cavanagh D., Epidemiology of infectious bronchitis virus in Belgian broilers: a retrospective study 1986 to 1995, Avian Pathol. (2001) 30:411-421.
71. Mockett A.P.A., Darbyshire J.H., Comparative studies with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies to avian infectious bronchitis virus, Avian Pathol. (1981) 10:1-10.
72. Mockett A.P.A., Envelope proteins of avian infectious bronchitis virus: purification and biological properties, J. Virol. Methods (1985) 12:271-278.
73. Mockett A.P.A., Cook J.K.A., The detection of specific IgM to infectious bronchitis virus in chicken serum using an ELISA, Avian Pathol. (1986) 15:437-446.
74. Muneer M.A., Newman J.A., Halvorson D.A., Sivanandan V., Coon C.N., Effects of avian infectious bronchitis virus (Arkansas strain) on vaccinated laying chickens, Avian Dis. (1987) 31:820-828.
75. Navas S., Seo S.H., Chua M.M., Sarma J.D., Lavi E., Hingley S.T., Weiss S.R., Murine coronavirus spike protein determines the ability of the virus to replicate in the liver and cause hepatitis, J. Virol. (2001) 75:2452-2457.
76. Navas S., Weiss S.R., Murine coronavirus-induced hepatitis: JHM genetic background eliminates A59 spike-determined hepatotropism, J. Virol. (2003) 77:4972-4978.
77. Nix W.A., Troeber D.S., Kingham B.F., Keeler C.L. Jr., Gelb J. Jr., Emergence of subtype strains of the Arkansas serotype of infectious bronchitis virus in Delmarva broiler chickens, Avian Dis. (2000) 44:568-581.
78. Otsuki K., Nakamura T., Kubota N., Kawaoka Y., Tsubokura M., Comparison of two strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus for their interferon induction viral growth and development of virus-neutralising antibody in experimentally-infected chickens, Vet. Microbiol. (1987) 15:31-40.
79. Otsuki K., Huggins M.B., Cook J.K.A., Comparison of the susceptibility to infectious bronchitis virus infection of two inbred lines of White Leghorn chickens, Avian Pathol. (1990) 19:467-475.
80. Pei J., Sekellick M.J., Marcus P.I., Choi I.S., Collisson E.W., Chicken interferon type I inhibits infectious bronchitis virus replication and associated respiratory illness, J. Interferon Cytokine Res. (2001) 21:1071-1077.
81. Pensaert M., Lambrechts C., Vaccination of chickens against a Belgian nephropathogenic strain of infectious bronchitis virus B1648 using attenuated homologous and heterologous strains, Avian Pathol. (1994) 23:631-641.
82. Picault J.P., Drouin P., Guittet M., Bennejean G., Protais J., L'Hospitalier R., Gillet J.P., Lamande J., Le Bachelier A., Isolation characterisation and preliminary cross-protection studies with a new pathogenic avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain PL-84084), Avian Pathol. (1986) 15:367-383.
83. Raggi L.G., Lee G.G., Lack of correlation between infectivity serological response and challenge results in immunization with an avian infectious bronchitis vaccine, J. Immunol. (1965) 94:538-543.
84. Schultze B., Cavanagh D., Herrler G., Neuraminidase treatment of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus reveals a hemagglutinating activity that is dependent on sialic acid-containing receptors on erythrocytes, Virology (1992) 189:792-794.
85. Schwegmann-Wessels C., Zimmer G., Laude H., Enjuanes L., Herrler G., Binding of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus to cell surface sialoglycoproteins, J. Virol. (2002) 77:6037-6043.
86. Schwegmann-Wessels C., Zimmer G., Schroder B., Breves G., Herrler G., Binding of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus to brush border membrane sialoglycoproteins, J. Virol. (2003) 77:11846-11848.
87. Seo S.H., Collisson E.W., Specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes are involved in in vivo clearance of infectious bronchitis virus, J. Virol. (1997) 71:5173-5177.
88. Seo S.H., Pei J., Briles W.E., Dzielawa J., Collisson E.W., Adoptive transfer of infectious bronchitis virus primed alphabeta T cells bearing CD8 antigen protects chicks from acute infection, Virology (2000) 269:183-189.
89. Shen S., Wen Z.L., Liu D.X., Emergence of a coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus mutant with a truncated 3b gene: functional characterization of the 3b protein in pathogenesis and replication, Virology (2003) 311:16-27.
90. Liu S.W., Kong X.G., A new genotype of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus circulating in vaccinated and nonvaccinated flocks in China, Avian Pathol. (2004) 33:321-327.
91. Smith H.W., Cook J.K., Parsell Z.E., The experimental infection of chickens with mixtures of infectious bronchitis virus and Escherichia coli, J. Gen. Virol. (1985) 66:777-786.
92. Sola I., Alonso S., Zuniga S., Balasch M., Plana-Duran J., Enjuanes L., Engineering the transmissible gastroenteritis virus genome as an expression vector inducing lactogenic immunity, J. Virol. (2003) 77:4357-4369.
93. Song C.S., Lee Y.J., Lee C.W., Sung H.W., Kim J.H., Mo I.P., Izumiya Y., Jang H.K., Mikami T., Induction of protective immunity in chickens vaccinated with infectious bronchitis virus S1 glycoprotein expressed by a recombinant baculovirus, J. Gen. Virol. (1998) 79:719-723.
94. Sperry S., Kazi L., Graham R., Baric B., Weiss S., Denison M., Single amino acid substitutions in non-structural ORF1B-NSP14 and ORF2a 30 kDa proteins of the murine coronavirus MHV-A59 are attenuating in mice, J. Virol. (2005) 79:3391-3400.
95. Tarpey I., Orbell S.J., Casais R., Hodgson T., Lin F., Hogan E., Cavanagh D., Safety and efficacy of an infectious bronchitis virus used for chicken embryo vaccination, Vaccine (2006) 24:6830-6838.
96. Tomley F.M., Mockett A.P., Boursnell M.E., Binns M.M., Cook J.K.A., Brown T.D.K., Smith G.L., Expression of the infectious bronchitis virus spike protein by recombinant vaccinia virus and induction of neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated mice, J. Gen. Virol. (1987) 68:2291-2298.
97. Vandekerchove D., De Herdt P., Laevens H., Butaye P., Meulemans G., Pasmans F., Significance of interactions between Escherichia coli and respiratory pathogens in layer hen flocks suffering from colibacillosis- associated mortality, Avian Pathol. (2004) 33:298-302.
98. Wang L., Junker D., Collisson E.W., Evidence of natural recombination within the S1 gene of infectious bronchitis virus, Virology (1993) 192:710-716.
99. Wang L., Junker D., Hock L., Ebiary E., Collisson E.W., Evolutionary implications of genetic variations in the S1 gene of infectious bronchitis virus, Virus Res. (1994) 34:327-338.
100. Wang X.Q., Schnitzlein W.M., Tripathy D.N., Girshick T., Khan M.I., Construction and immunogenicity studies of recombinant fowl poxvirus containing the S1 gene of Massachusetts 41 strain of infectious bronchitis virus, Avian Dis. (2002) 46:831-838.
101. Weiss S.R., Navas-Martin S., Coronavirus pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. (2005) 69:635-664.
102. Winter C., Schwegmann-Wessels C., Cavanagh D., Neuman U., Herrler G., Sialic acid is a receptor determinant for infection of cells by avian infectious bronchitis virus, J. Gen. Virol. (2006) 87:1209-1216.
103. Winterfield R.W., Fadly A.M., Hoerr F.J., Immunity to infectious bronchitis virus from spray vaccination with derivatives of a Holland strain, Avian Dis. (1976) 20:42-48.
104. Youn S., Leibowitz J.L., Collisson E.W., In vitro assembled recombinant infectious bronchitis viruses demonstrate that the 5a open reading frame is not essential for replication, Virology (2005) 332:206-215.