Lower lip reconstruction: Introduction of a new procedure using a functioning gracilis muscle free flap

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

Volumn 119, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 1472-1480

  Ninkovic, Milomir ^a   Di Spilimbergo, Stefano Spanio ^b   Ninkovic, Marina ^b  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CASE REPORT; FACIAL NERVE; FEMALE; GRACILIS FLAP; HUMAN; LIP RECONSTRUCTION; LOWER LIP; MALE; MUSCLE FLAP; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCALP; SKIN GRAFT;

ADULT; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIP; LIP NEOPLASMS; MALE; RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES; SURGICAL FLAPS;

EID: 34147137072     PISSN: 00321052     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000258527.99140.fe     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Gillies, H. D., and Millard, D. R. The Principles and Art of Plastic Surgery. Boston: Little, Brown, 1957.
2. Burget, G. C., and Menick, F. J. The subunit principle in nasal reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 76: 239, 1985.
3. Jackson, J. T. Lip reconstruction. In J. T. Jackson (Ed.), Local Flaps in Head and Neck Reconstruction. St. Louis: Mosby, 1985. Pp. 327-411.
4. Luce, E. A. Reconstruction of the lower lip. Clin. Plast. Surg. 22: 109, 1995.
5. Galyon, S. W., and Frodel, J. L. Lip and perioral defects. Otolaryngol. Clin. 34: 647, 2001.
6. Kroll, S. S. Reconstructive facial surgery. In G. R. Evans (Ed.), Operative Plastic Surgery , 1st Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000. Pp. 289-307.
7. Baker, S. Reconstruction of the lip. In S. R. Baker and N. A. Swanson (Eds.), Local Flaps in Facial Reconstruction. St. Louis: Mosby, 1995. Pp. 389-396.
8. Koshima, I., Inagawa, K., Urushibara, K., and Moriguchi, T. Combined submental flap with toe web for reconstruction of the lip with oral commissure. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 53: 616, 2000.
9. Wei, F. C., Tan, B. K., Chen, I. H., Hau, S. P., and Liau, C. T. Mimicking lip features in free-flap reconstruction of lip defects. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 54: 8, 2001.
10. Sadove, R. C., Luce, E. A., and McGrath, P. C. Reconstruction of the lower lip and chin with the composite radial forearm-palmaris longus free flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 88: 209, 1991.
11. Sakai, S., Soeda, S., Endo, T., Ishii, M., and Uchuimi, E. A compound radial artery forearm flap for the reconstruction of lip and chin defect. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 42: 337, 1989.
12. Furuta, S., Sakaguchi, Y., Iwasawa, M., Kurita, H., and Minemura, T. Reconstruction of the lips, oral commissure, and full-thickness cheek with a composite radial forearm palmaris longus free flap. Ann. Plast. Surg. 33: 544, 1994.
13. Kushima, H., Iwasawa, M., Kiyono, M., Ohtsuka, Y., and Hataya, Y. Functional reconstruction of total lower lip defects with a radial forearm free flap combined with a depressor anguli oris muscle transfer. Ann. Plast. Surg. 39: 182, 1997.
14. Serletti, J. M., Tavin, E., Moran, S. L., and Coniglio, J. U. Total lower lip reconstruction with a sensate composite radial forearm flap palmaris longus free flap and a tongue flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 99: 559, 1997.
15. Carroll, C. M., Pathak, I., Irish, J., Neligan, P. C., and Gullane, P. J. Reconstruction of total lower lip and chin defects using the composite radial forearm-palmaris longus tendon free flap. Arch. Facial Plast. Surg. 2: 53, 2000.
16. Pribaz, J., Stephens, W., Crespo, L., and Gifford, G. A new intraoral flap: Facial artery musculomucosal (FAMM) flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 90: 421, 1992.
17. Bernard, C. Cancer de la levre inferieure operé par un procede nouveau. Bull. Mem. Soc. Chir. Paris 3: 357, 1853.
18. von Burow, C. A. Beschreibung einer neuen Trasplantations-Method (Method der seitlichen Dreiecke) zum Wiederersatz verlorengegangener Teile des Gesichts. Berlin: Nauk, 1855.
19. Webster, R. C., Coffey, R. J., and Kelleher, R. E. Total and partial reconstruction of the lower lip with innervated muscle-bearing flaps. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 25: 360, 1960.
20. Karapandzic, M. Reconstruction of lip defects by local arterial flaps. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 27: 93, 1974.
21. McGregor, I. A. Reconstruction of the lower lip. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 36: 40, 1983.
22. Nakajima, T., Yoshimura, Y., and Kami, T. Reconstruction of the lower lip with a fan shaped flap based on the facial artery. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 37: 52, 1984.
23. Fujimori, R. Gate flap for the total reconstruction of the lower lip. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 33: 340, 1980.
24. Converse, J. M. Technique for the repair of defects of the lips and cheeks. In J. M. Converse (Ed.), Reconstructive Plastic Surgery , Vol. 3. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1977. Pp. 1544-1558.
25. Madden, J. J., Erhardt, W. L., Flanklin, J. D., Withers, E. H., and Lynch, J. B. Reconstruction of the upper and lower lip using a modified Bernard-Burow technique. Ann. Plast. Surg. 5: 100, 1980.
26. Williams, E. F., III, Stezen, G., and Mulvaney, M. J. Modified Bernard-Burow cheek advancement and cross-lip flap for total lip reconstruction. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 122: 1253, 1996.
27. Zilinsky, I., Winkler, E., Weiss, G., Haik, J., Tamir, J., and Orestein, A. Total lower lip reconstruction with innervated muscle-bearing flaps: A modification of the Webster flap. Dermatol. Surg. 27: 687, 2001.
28. Gurel, M., Seyhan, A., and Cilengir, M. Total lower lip reconstruction in advanced squamous carcinoma: Application of the gate-flap technique. Ann. Plast. Surg. 28: 434, 1992.
29. Cruse, C. W., and Radocha, R. F. Squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 80: 787, 1987.
30. Bradley, C., and Leake, J. E. Compensatory reconstruction of the lips and mouth after major tissue loss. Clin. Plast. Surg. 11: 637, 1984.
31. Jabaley, M. E., Orcutt, T. W., and Clement, R. L. Application of the Karapandzic principle of reconstruction after excision of lip cancer. Am. J. Surg. 132: 529, 1976.
32. Kroll, S. S. Staged sequential flap reconstruction for lower lip defects. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 88: 620, 1991.
33. Bakamjian, V. Y., Long, M., and Rigg, B. Experience with the medially based deltopectoral flap in reconstructive surgery of the head and neck. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 24: 174, 1971.
34. Ozdemir, R., Ortak, T., Kocer, U., Celebioglu, S., Sensoz, O., and Tiftikcioglu, Y. O. Total lower lip reconstruction using sensate composite radial forearm flap. J. Craniofac. Surg. 14: 393, 2003.
35. Shinohara, H., Iwasawa, M., Kitazawa, T., and Kushima, H. Functional lip reconstruction with a radial forearm free flap combined with a masseter muscle transfer after wide total excision of the chin. Ann. Plast. Surg. 45: 71, 2000.
36. Ninkovic, M., Stenzl, A., Hess, M., et al. Functional urinary bladder wall substitute using a free innervated latissimus dorsi muscle flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 100: 402, 1997.
37. Stenzl, A., Ninkovic, M., Kölle, D., Knapp, R., Anderl, H., and Bartsch, G. Restoration of voluntary emptying of the bladder by transplantation of innervated free skeletal muscle. Lancet 351: 1483, 1998.
38. Ninkovic, M., Kronberger, P., Harpf, K., Rumer, A., and Anderl, H. Reconstruction of full-thickness abdominal wall defects using free innervated latissimus muscle (LDM) flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 101: 971, 1998.
39. Ninkovic, M., Stenzl, A., Schwabegger, A., Bartsch, G., Prosser, R., and Ninkovic, M. Free neurovascular transfer of latissimus dorsi muscle for the treatment of bladder acontractility: II. Clinical results. J. Urol. 169: 1379, 2003.
40. Mathes, S., and Nahai, F. (Eds.), Reconstructive Surgery: Principles, Anatomy and Technique, Vol. I. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1997. Pp. 1173-1191.
41. Burt, J. D., Burns, A. J., Muzaffar, A. R., et al. Total soft-tissue reconstruction of the middle and lower face with multiple simultaneous free flaps in a pediatric patient. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 105: 2440, 2000.
42. Ono, I., Gunji, H., Tateshita, T., and Sanbe, N. Reconstruction of defects of the entire vermilion with a buccal musculomucosal flap following resection of malignant tumors of the lower lip. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1100: 422, 1997.
43. Mazzola, R. F., and Lupo, G. Evolving concepts in lip reconstruction. Clin. Plast. Surg. 11: 583, 1984.
44. Frey, M., Freilinger, G., Holle, J., and Gruber, H. Operative technique in muscle transplantation with microneurovascular anastomoses based on animal experiment studies. Handchir. Mikrochir. Plast. Chir. 16: 211, 1984.
45. Chiu, D. T., Chen, L., Spielholtz, N., and Beasley, R. W. A comparative electrophysiological study on neurotisation in rats. J. Hand Surg. (Br.) 16: 505, 1991.
46. Vriens, J. P., Acosta, R., Soutar, D. S., and Webster, M. H. Recovery of sensation in the radial forearm free flap in oral reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 98: 649, 1996.
47. Vesper, M., Heiland, M., Blake, F., Flinzberg, S., and Schmelzle, R. Clinical and histological results of sensory recovery after radial flap transfer. Clin. Oral Invest. 6: 114, 2002.
48. Kuriakose, M. A., Loree, T. R., Spies, A., Meyers, S., and Hicks, W. L., Jr. Sensory radial forearm free flaps in tongue reconstruction. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 127: 1463, 2001.