The ideal of community and its counterfeit construction

Journal of Architectural Education

Volumn 58, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 43-52

  Clarke, Paul Walker ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34147127363     PISSN: 10464883     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/1046488053420960     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. For a cynical assessment of New Urbanism, see Michael Dear, The Postmodern Urban Condition (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000), 124, 181, and 304.
2. Peter Katz, The New Urbanism: Toward an Architecture of Community (New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. , 1994), ix.
3. Andrew Ross, The Celebration Chronicles: Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Property Value in Disney's New Town (New York: Ballantine Books, 1999), 218-19.
4. Douglas Kelbaugh, "Three Paradigms: New Urbanism, Everyday Urbanism, Post Urbanism," Repairing the American Metropolis (Seattle: University of Washington, 2002), taken from http://periferia. org/3000/3paradigms. html.
5. For a brief description of the HOPE VI federal program, see http://www. huduser. org/publications/pubasst/hopevi. html.
6. Advanced project search of the website for the Congress for New Urbanism - at http://www. cnu. org/about/index. cfm?formaction=adv-project- search&CFID= 4685426&CFTOKEN=23249340 - reveals fifty-two projects listed as "subsidized housing" (Nov. 2003). Twenty-eight are being developed by local housing authorities, fourteen of which are joint ventures with market developers. (The CNU site does not describe any listed developer as either "for profit" or "nonprofit. ") Five of the twenty-eight are Hope VI projects. Eight of the fifty-two are without any developer whatsoever and can be assumed to be dormant. One project of is in Berlin, Germany, and is also without a developer. Of fifty-one American projects listed as "subsidized housing," only fifteen are privately developed. The website does not clarify whether these fifteen are employing tax credits or other indirect subsidies to achieve "affordable" housing. Indeed, the local market context by which "affordable" is determined is also not clear. (May 2004 update: the website lists twenty-one projects as "subsidized housing. " Of these twenty-one projects, ten are developed by local housing authorities, and four of these ten are joint ventures with market developers. Three of the twenty-one are Hope VI projects, and seven are without any developer whatsoever. Additionally, among CNU's 2004 Charter Award Winners are two Hope VI projects: Oak Hill, Pittsburgh, PA; and Laurel Homes, Cincinnati, OH. ) These numbers are offered tentatively. It is neither evident whether CNU's website is comprehensive or updated regularly, nor clear by what means or criteria is a project listed on the site.
7. David Harvey, Spaces of Hope (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 173.
8. Manfredo Tafuri, Architecture and Utopia (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1976), 181.
9. Ellen Dunham-Jones, "New urbanism as Counter-Project to Post-Industrialism," Places 13/2 (spring 2000): 26.
10. David Harvey, "The New Urbanism and the Communitarian Trap," Harvard Design Magazine (winter/spring 1997): 68.
11. James Kunstler, Home from Nowhere (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996), 52.
12. David Harvey, Spaces of Hope, 170-1.
13. David Harvey, Social justice and the City (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), 171.
14. S. Clarke and G. Gaile, The Work of Cities (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minneapolis Press, 1998), 29.
15. Robert Reich, "Secession of the Successful," New York Times Magazine (Jan. 1991): 42.
16. Evan McKenzie, Privatopia, Homeowner Associations and the Rise of Residential Private Government (New Haven, CT, 1994), 177.
17. David Harvey, Justice, Nature & the Geography of Difference (Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers, 1996), 297-8.
18. Richard Sennett, The Uses of Disorder (New York: Vintage Books, 1970), 36.
19. Bookchin, The Rise of Urbanization and the Decline of Citizenship, 267.
20. For similar arguments, see Bay, Strategies for Political Emancipation, chapters 5 and 6
21. Manicas, Death of the State, 246-50
22. and Taylor, "The nature and Scope of Distributive Justice," in Philosophy and the Human Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 27-28.
23. These sources are from Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 232.
24. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference, 234-5.
25. Vikki Bell, "Performativity and Belonging," Theory, Culture and Society 16 (1999): 1-10.
26. Sheila Croucher, Globalization and Belonging: The Politics of Identity in a Changing World (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004), 41.
27. Richard Sennett, "The Search for a Place in the World," in Nan Ellen, ed. , Architecture of Fear (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1997), 61-62.
28. Sennett, 67.
29. Stephen Graham and Simon Marvin, Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition (London: Routledge, 2001), 377.
30. Erik Swyngedouw, "Communication, Mobility and the Struggle for Power Over Space," in Giannopoulos and Gillespie, eds. , Transport and Communication in the New Europe (London: Belhaven, 1993), 323.
31. Quoted in Graham and Marvin, Splintering Urbanism, 195-6.
32. Website for the Congress for New Urbanism: http://www. cnu. org/index. cfm. Click on "advanced project search. " Under "project type," select "subsidized housing. "
33. Statistic stated during an ACSA tour of the development by the Louisville Housing Authority (Mar. 2003)
34. CNU website: http://www. cnu. org/index. cfm. Click on "advanced project search. " Under "project type," select "traditional neighborhood (Greenfield). " The site lists 151 projects.
35. Todd Stauffer, "Your Grid or Mine? Jackson Designers Push 'New Urbanism,'" Jackson Free Press 1 /23 (4-17 Sept. 2003): 18.
36. Young, Inclusion and Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 205.
37. U. S. Supreme Court, 392 U. S. 409 (1968).
38. George Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998), 20.
39. http://www. cnu. org
40. Oscar Newman, Defensible Space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1972), 2-3.
41. Patricia Fernandez-Kelly quoted in David Harvey, Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference (Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers, 1996), 293.
42. Inclusion and Democracy, 197
43. King, Re-presenting the City: Ethnicity, Capital and Culture in the Twenty-First Century Metropolis, 3
44. Caldiera, "Fortified Enclaves: The New Urban Segregation," Public Culture 8/2 (winter 1996): 317
45. and Graham and Marvin, Splintering urbanism, 108.
46. Lyn Lofland, The Public Realm: Exploring the City's Quintessential Social Territory (New York: Aldine De Gruyer, 1998), 243.
47. Southern Burlington County N. A. A. C. P. v. Township of Mount Laurel (Mt. Laurel I), Supreme Court of New Jersey, 336 A. 2d 713 (1975)
48. and Southern Burlington County N. A. A. C. P. v. Township of Mount Laurel (Mt. Laurel II), Supreme Court of New Jersey, 92 NJ 158 (1983).
49. See also John Emmeus Davis, "The Legacy of Mount Laurel: Maintaining Affordability in New Jersey's Inclusionary Developments," The Affordable City: Toward a Third Sector Housing Policy (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994).
50. Michael Pyatok FAIA, "Neighborhood Development in a Democratic City: Toward a 'Real' Urbanism," available at: http://. pyatok. com/writings/neig9. html