Children's perceptions of group variability as a function of status

International Journal of Behavioral Development

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 97-104

  Guinote, Ana ^a   Mouro, Carla ^b   Pereira, Maria Helena ^b   Monteiro, Maria Benedicta ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENT   (United Kingdom)

^b Intituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Children; Group variability; Status

Indexed keywords

AGE; ARTICLE; CAUCASIAN; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; GROUP DYNAMICS; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NEGRO; NORMAL HUMAN; RACE DIFFERENCE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL STATUS;

EID: 34147113928     PISSN: 01650254     EISSN: 14640651     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0165025407073930     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Aboud, F.E. (1988). Children and prejudice. Oxford: Blackwell.
2. Aboud, F.E. (2003). The formation of in-group favouritism and out-group prejudice in young children: Are they distinct attitudes? Developmental Psychology, 39, 48-60.
3. Bar-Tal, Y., & Guinote, A. (2002). Who exhibits more stereotypical thinking? The effect of need and ability to achieve cognitive structure on stereotyping and perceived group variability. European Journal of Personality, 16, 313-331.
4. Bem, S.L. (1983). Gender schema theory and its implications for child development: Raising gender-aschematic children in a gender schematic society. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 8, 598-616.
5. Ben-Ari, R., Kedem, P., & Levy-Weiner, N. (1992). Cognitive complexity and intergroup perception and evaluation. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 1291-1298.
6. Bigler, R.S., Brown, C.S., & Marckell, M. (2001). When groups are not created equal: Effects of group status on the formation of intergroup attitudes in children. Child Development, 72, 1151-1162.
7. Bigler, R.S., Jones, L.C., & Lobliner, D.B. (1997). Social categorization and the formation of intergroup attitudes in children. Child Development, 68, 530-543.
8. Bigler, R., & Liben, L. (1993). A cognitive developmental approach to racial stereotyping and reconstructive memory in Euro-American children. Child Development, 64, 1507-1519.
9. Bradbard, M.R., & Endsley, R.C. (1983). The effects of sex-typed labeling on preschool children's information-seeking and retention. Sex Roles, 9, 247-260.
10. Brauer, M., & Judd, C.M. (2000). Defining variables in relationship to other variables: When interactions suddenly turn out to be main effects. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 410-423.
11. Brown, G., & Johnson, S.P. (1971). The attribution of behavioral connotations shaded and white figures in Caucasian children. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10, 306-312.
12. Brown, R. (2000). Social Identity Theory: Past achievements, current problems and future challenges. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 745-778.
13. Clark, K.B., & Clark, M.P. (1947). Racial identifications and preference in Negro children. In T.M. Newcomb & E.L. Hartley (Eds.), Basic studies in social psychology (pp. 169-178). New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston.
14. Connor, J.M., & Serbin, L.A. (1978). Behaviorally based masculine- and feminine-activity-preference scales for preschoolers: Correlates with other classroom behaviors and cognitive tests. Child Development, 48, 1411-1416.
15. Devos, T., Comby, L., & Deschamps, J.C. (1996). Asymmetries in judgements of endogrupo and exogrupo variability. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 95-144). New York: Psychology Press.
16. Doyle, A.B., & Aboud, F.E. (1995). A longitudinal study of White children's racial prejudice as a social-cognitive development. Merrill-Palmer Quartely, 41, 209-228.
17. Egan, S.K., & Perry, D.G. (2001). Gender identity: A multidimensional analysis with implications for psychosocial adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 37, 451-463.
18. Ellemers, N. (1993). The influence of socio-structural variables on identity enhancement strategies. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 27-57). New York: Psychology Press.
19. Ellemers, N., Doosje, B., van Knippenberg, A., & Wilke, H. (1992). Status protection in high status minority groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 123-140.
20. Fagot, B.I. (1974). Sex differences in toddlers' behavior and parental reaction. Developmental Psychology, 10, 554-558.
21. Fagot, B.I. (1985). Beyond the reinforcement principle: Another step toward understanding sex role development. Developmental Psychology, 21, 1097-1104.
22. Gelman, S.A., & Markman, E.M. (1986). Categories and induction in young children. Cognition, 23, 183-209.
23. Guinote, A. (2001). The perception of intragroup variability in a minority and a non-minority context: When adaptation leads to outgroup differentiation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 117-132.
24. Guinote, A. (2004). Group size, outcome dependency, and power: Effects on perceived and actual group variability. In V. Yzerbyt, C. Judd, & O. Corneille (Eds.), The psychology of group perception: Contributions to the study of homogeneity, entitativity, and essentialism (pp. 221-236). New York: Psychology Press.
25. Guinote, A. (in press). Power and the suppression of unwanted thoughts: Does control over others decrease control over the self? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
26. Guinote, A., Brown, M., & Fiske, S.T. (2006). Minority status decreases sense of control and increases interpretive processing. Social Cognition, 24, 170-187.
27. Guinote, A., & Fiske, S.T. (2003). Being in the outgroup territory increases stereotypic perceptions of outgroups: Situational sources of category activation. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 6, 323-331.
28. Guinote, A., Judd, C.M., & Brauer, M. (2002). Effects of power on perceived and objective group variability: Evidence that more powerful groups are more variable. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 708-721.
29. Guinote, A., & Trope, Y. (2006). Power and bottom-up prioritization. Manuscript submitted for publication.
30. Hartup, W.W., Moore, S.G., & Sager, G. (1963). Avoidance of inappropriate sex-typing by young children. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 27, 467-473.
31. Jost, J., & Burgess, D. (2000). Attitudinal ambivalence and the conflict between group and system justification motives in low status groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 293-305.
32. Jost, J., & Kay, A. (2006). Exposure to benevolent sexism and complementary gender stereotypes: Consequences for specific and diffuse forms of system justification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 498-509.
33. Katz, P.A., & Kofkin, J.A. (1997). Race, gender, and young children. In S.S. Luthar, J.A. Burack, D. Cicchetti, & J. Weisz (Eds.), Developmental psycho-pathology: Perspectives on adjustment, risk, and disorder (pp. 51-74). New York: Cambridge University Press.
34. Levy, G.D. (1989). Developmental and individual differences in preschools' recognition memories: The influences of gender schematization and verbal labeling of information. Sex Roles, 21, 305-324.
35. Linville, P.W., Fischer, G.W., & Salovey, P. (1989). Perceived distributions of the characteristics of in-group and out-group members: empirical evidence and a computer simulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 165-188.
36. Lorenzi-Cioldi, F. (1993). They all look alike, but so do we ... sometimes: Perceptions of in-group and out-group homogeneity as a function of sex and context. British Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 111-124.
37. Lorenzi-Cioldi, F., Eagly, A., & Stewart, T. (1995). Homogeneity of gender groups in memory. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 193-217.
38. Martin, C. (1991). The role of cognition in understanding gender effects. In H. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior, Vol. 23 (pp. 113-149). San Diego: Academic Press.
39. Martin, C.L., & Havelson, C.F. (1981). A schematic processing model of sex typing and stereotyping in children. Child Development, 52, 1119-1134.
40. Mervis, C. (1987). Child-basic object categories and early lexical development. In V. Neisser (Ed.), Concepts and conceptual development: Ecological and intellectual factors in categorization. Emory symposium in cognition (pp. 201-233). New York: Cambridge University Press.
41. Monteiro, M.B., & Ventura, P. (1997). A escola faz a diferença? Práticas maternas e o desenvolvimento da noção de pessoa. In M.B. Monteiro & P. Castro (Eds.), Cada cabeça sua sentença: Ideias dos pais sobre educação e desenvolvimento das crianças. Lisbon, Portugal: Celta.
42. Mullen, B., Brown, R., & Smith, C. (1992). Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance, and status: An integration. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 103-122.
43. Ostrom, T.M., Carpenter, S.L., Sedikides, C., & Li, F. (1993). Differential processing of ingroup and outgroup information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 21-34.
44. Park, B., & Judd, C.M. (1990). Measures and models of perceived group variability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 173-191.
45. Park, B., Ryan, C., & Judd, C. (1991). Role of meaningful subgroups in explaining differences in perceived variability for ingroups and outgroups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 553-567.
46. Powlishta, K.K. (1995). Intergroup processes in childhood: Social categorization and sex role development. Developmental Psychology, 31, 781-788.
47. Poulin-Dubois, D., Serbin, L.A., & Derbyshire, A. (1998). Toddlers' intermodal and verbal knowledge about gender. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 44, 338-354.
48. Poulin-Dubois, D., Serbin, L.A., Eichstedt, J.A., & Sen, M.G. (2002). Men don't put on make-up: Toddlers' knowledge of the gender stereotyping of household activities. Social Development, 11, 166-181.
49. Quattrone, G. (1986). On the perception of a group's variability. In S. Worchel & W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 25-48). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
50. Rosch, E., Mervis, C.B., Gray, W.D., Johnson, D.M., & Boyes-Braem, P. (1976). Basic objects in natural categories. Cognitive Psychology, 8, 382-439.
51. Rotheram, M.J., & Phinney, J.M. (1987). Introduction: Definition and perspectives in the study of children's ethnic socialization. In J.M. Phinney & M.J. Rotheram (Eds.), Children's ethnic socialization. Pluralism and development. London: Sage.
52. Sachdev, I., & Bourhis, R. (1991). Power and status differentials in minority and majority group relations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 1-24.
53. Simon, B., & Brown, R. (1987). Perceived intragroup homogeneity in minority-majority contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 703-711.
54. Simon, B., & Hamilton, D.L. (1994). Self-stereotyping and social context: The effects of relative in-group size and in-group status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 699-711.
55. Steele, C.M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811.
56. Tajfel, H. (Ed.). (1978). Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. London: Academy Press.
57. Tajfel, H., Flament, C., Billig, M.G., & Bundy, R.P. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149-178.
58. Taylor, S., Fiske, S., Etkoff, N., & Ruderman, A. (1978). Categorical and contextual bases of person memory and stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 778-793.
59. Thompson, S.K. (1975). Gender labels and early sex-role development. Child Development, 46, 339-347.
60. Turner, J.C., & Brown, R.J. (1978). Social status, cognitive alternatives, and intergroup relations. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 235-250). New York: Academic Press.
61. Williams, J.E., & Roberson, J.K. (1967). A method for assessing racial attitudes in preschool children. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 27, 671-689.
62. Yee, M.D., & Brown, R.J. (1988). Children and social comparisons. Final report to the ESRC, University of Kent, UK.
63. Yee, M.D., & Brown, R.J. (1992). Self-evaluations and intergroup attitudes in children aged three to nine. Child Development, 63, 619-629.