메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 135-141

Clinical impact of second pathology opinion: A longitudinal study of central genitourinary pathology review before prostate brachytherapy

Author keywords

Brachytherapy; Pathology review; Prostate cancer

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BRACHYTHERAPY; CLINICAL DECISION MAKING; CONTROLLED STUDY; GLEASON SCORE; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PATHOLOGIST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATIC INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA; UROGENITAL TRACT DISEASE;

EID: 34047276643     PISSN: 15384721     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.brachy.2006.10.003     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (13)

References (48)
  • 1
    • 0015950349 scopus 로고
    • Prediction of prognosis for prostatic adenocarcinoma by combined histological grading and clinical staging
    • Gleason D.F., and Mellinger G.T. Prediction of prognosis for prostatic adenocarcinoma by combined histological grading and clinical staging. J Urol 111 (1974) 58-64
    • (1974) J Urol , vol.111 , pp. 58-64
    • Gleason, D.F.1    Mellinger, G.T.2
  • 2
    • 0026589997 scopus 로고
    • Histologic grading of prostate cancer: A perspective
    • Gleason D.F. Histologic grading of prostate cancer: A perspective. Hum Pathol 23 (1992) 273-279
    • (1992) Hum Pathol , vol.23 , pp. 273-279
    • Gleason, D.F.1
  • 3
    • 0022236144 scopus 로고
    • Gleason grading of prostate cancer: A predictor of survival
    • Sogani P.C., Israel A., Lieberman P.H., et al. Gleason grading of prostate cancer: A predictor of survival. Urology 25 (1985) 223-227
    • (1985) Urology , vol.25 , pp. 223-227
    • Sogani, P.C.1    Israel, A.2    Lieberman, P.H.3
  • 4
    • 0032538069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer
    • D'Amico A.V., Whittington R., Malkowicz S.B., et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA 280 (1998) 969-974
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.280 , pp. 969-974
    • D'Amico, A.V.1    Whittington, R.2    Malkowicz, S.B.3
  • 5
    • 0035432641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined-modality staging for localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate
    • discussion 1060-1062, 1064-1065, 1069-1070, 1073-1075
    • D'Amico A.V. Combined-modality staging for localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Oncology (Huntingt) 15 (2001) 1049-1059 discussion 1060-1062, 1064-1065, 1069-1070, 1073-1075
    • (2001) Oncology (Huntingt) , vol.15 , pp. 1049-1059
    • D'Amico, A.V.1
  • 6
    • 0030913315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination of prostate-specific antigen, clinical stage, and Gleason score to predict pathological stage of localized prostate cancer. A multi-institutional update
    • Partin A.W., Kattan M.W., Subong E.N., et al. Combination of prostate-specific antigen, clinical stage, and Gleason score to predict pathological stage of localized prostate cancer. A multi-institutional update. JAMA 277 (1997) 1445-1451
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.277 , pp. 1445-1451
    • Partin, A.W.1    Kattan, M.W.2    Subong, E.N.3
  • 7
    • 0031022948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multiple prognostic index predictive of disease outcome after irradiation for clinically localized prostate carcinoma
    • Pisansky T.M., Kahn M.J., Rasp G.M., et al. A multiple prognostic index predictive of disease outcome after irradiation for clinically localized prostate carcinoma. Cancer 79 (1997) 337-344
    • (1997) Cancer , vol.79 , pp. 337-344
    • Pisansky, T.M.1    Kahn, M.J.2    Rasp, G.M.3
  • 8
    • 0035122453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interobserver reproducibility of Gleason grading of prostatic carcinoma: General pathologist
    • Allsbrook Jr. W.C., Mangold K.A., Johnson M.H., et al. Interobserver reproducibility of Gleason grading of prostatic carcinoma: General pathologist. Hum Pathol 32 (2001) 81-88
    • (2001) Hum Pathol , vol.32 , pp. 81-88
    • Allsbrook Jr., W.C.1    Mangold, K.A.2    Johnson, M.H.3
  • 9
    • 0035126050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interobserver reproducibility of Gleason grading of prostatic carcinoma: Urologic pathologists
    • Allsbrook Jr. W.C., Mangold K.A., Johnson M.H., et al. Interobserver reproducibility of Gleason grading of prostatic carcinoma: Urologic pathologists. Hum Pathol 32 (2001) 74-80
    • (2001) Hum Pathol , vol.32 , pp. 74-80
    • Allsbrook Jr., W.C.1    Mangold, K.A.2    Johnson, M.H.3
  • 10
    • 23044450720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of interobserver reproducibility of Gleason grading of prostatic carcinoma in Japan and the United States
    • Oyama T., Allsbrook Jr. W.C., Kurokawa K., et al. A comparison of interobserver reproducibility of Gleason grading of prostatic carcinoma in Japan and the United States. Arch Pathol Lab Med 129 (2005) 1004-1010
    • (2005) Arch Pathol Lab Med , vol.129 , pp. 1004-1010
    • Oyama, T.1    Allsbrook Jr., W.C.2    Kurokawa, K.3
  • 11
    • 0029945077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of WHO and Gleason histologic grading systems in prostatic adenocarcinomas
    • Ozdamar S.O., Sarikaya S., Yildiz L., et al. Intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of WHO and Gleason histologic grading systems in prostatic adenocarcinomas. Int Urol Nephrol 28 (1996) 73-77
    • (1996) Int Urol Nephrol , vol.28 , pp. 73-77
    • Ozdamar, S.O.1    Sarikaya, S.2    Yildiz, L.3
  • 12
    • 0025837024 scopus 로고
    • Correlation between visual clues, objective architectural features, and interobserver agreement in prostate cancer
    • di Loreto C., Fitzpatrick B., Underhill S., et al. Correlation between visual clues, objective architectural features, and interobserver agreement in prostate cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 96 (1991) 70-75
    • (1991) Am J Clin Pathol , vol.96 , pp. 70-75
    • di Loreto, C.1    Fitzpatrick, B.2    Underhill, S.3
  • 14
    • 3342895058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of pathology review on treatment recommendations for patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate
    • Nguyen P.L., Schultz D., Renshaw A.A., et al. The impact of pathology review on treatment recommendations for patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Urol Oncol 22 (2004) 295-299
    • (2004) Urol Oncol , vol.22 , pp. 295-299
    • Nguyen, P.L.1    Schultz, D.2    Renshaw, A.A.3
  • 15
    • 0031812382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histopathologic review of prostate biopsies from patients referred to a comprehensive cancer center: Correlation of pathologic findings, analysis of cost, and impact on treatment
    • Wurzer J.C., Al-Saleem T.I., Hanlon A.L., et al. Histopathologic review of prostate biopsies from patients referred to a comprehensive cancer center: Correlation of pathologic findings, analysis of cost, and impact on treatment. Cancer 83 (1998) 753-759
    • (1998) Cancer , vol.83 , pp. 753-759
    • Wurzer, J.C.1    Al-Saleem, T.I.2    Hanlon, A.L.3
  • 16
    • 0019979074 scopus 로고
    • Incidental prostatic carcinoma: Tumor extent versus histologic grade
    • Guileyardo J.M., Sarma D.P., Johnson W.D., et al. Incidental prostatic carcinoma: Tumor extent versus histologic grade. Urology 20 (1982) 40-42
    • (1982) Urology , vol.20 , pp. 40-42
    • Guileyardo, J.M.1    Sarma, D.P.2    Johnson, W.D.3
  • 17
    • 0030916083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation of prostate needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy Gleason grade in academic and community settings
    • Steinberg D.M., Sauvageot J., Piantadosi S., et al. Correlation of prostate needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy Gleason grade in academic and community settings. Am J Surg Pathol 21 (1997) 566-576
    • (1997) Am J Surg Pathol , vol.21 , pp. 566-576
    • Steinberg, D.M.1    Sauvageot, J.2    Piantadosi, S.3
  • 18
    • 0029944421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Undergrading of prostate cancer biopsies: A paradox inherent in all biologic bivariate distributions
    • Gleason D.F. Undergrading of prostate cancer biopsies: A paradox inherent in all biologic bivariate distributions. Urology 47 (1996) 289-291
    • (1996) Urology , vol.47 , pp. 289-291
    • Gleason, D.F.1
  • 19
    • 0034125690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gleason score 2-4 adenocarcinoma of the prostate on needle biopsy: A diagnosis that should not be made
    • Epstein J.I. Gleason score 2-4 adenocarcinoma of the prostate on needle biopsy: A diagnosis that should not be made. Am J Surg Pathol 24 (2000) 477-478
    • (2000) Am J Surg Pathol , vol.24 , pp. 477-478
    • Epstein, J.I.1
  • 20
    • 0031947317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accuracy of biopsy Gleason scores from a large uropathology laboratory: Use of a diagnostic protocol to minimize observer variability
    • Carlson G.D., Calvanese C.B., Kahane H., et al. Accuracy of biopsy Gleason scores from a large uropathology laboratory: Use of a diagnostic protocol to minimize observer variability. Urology 51 (1998) 525-529
    • (1998) Urology , vol.51 , pp. 525-529
    • Carlson, G.D.1    Calvanese, C.B.2    Kahane, H.3
  • 21
    • 0035129540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproducibility of Gleason grading of prostate cancer can be improved by the use of reference images
    • Egevad L. Reproducibility of Gleason grading of prostate cancer can be improved by the use of reference images. Urology 57 (2001) 291-295
    • (2001) Urology , vol.57 , pp. 291-295
    • Egevad, L.1
  • 22
    • 0037944099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the interobserver reproducibility of Gleason grading of prostatic adenocarcinoma using tissue microarrays
    • De la Taille A., Viellefond A., Berger N., et al. Evaluation of the interobserver reproducibility of Gleason grading of prostatic adenocarcinoma using tissue microarrays. Hum Pathol 34 (2003) 444-449
    • (2003) Hum Pathol , vol.34 , pp. 444-449
    • De la Taille, A.1    Viellefond, A.2    Berger, N.3
  • 23
    • 0034667730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A web-based tutorial improves practicing pathologists' Gleason grading of images of prostate carcinoma specimens obtained by needle biopsy: Validation of a new medical education paradigm
    • Kronz J.D., Silberman M.A., Allsbrook W.C., et al. A web-based tutorial improves practicing pathologists' Gleason grading of images of prostate carcinoma specimens obtained by needle biopsy: Validation of a new medical education paradigm. Cancer 89 (2000) 1818-1823
    • (2000) Cancer , vol.89 , pp. 1818-1823
    • Kronz, J.D.1    Silberman, M.A.2    Allsbrook, W.C.3
  • 24
    • 0033803421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathology residents' use of a Web-based tutorial to improve Gleason grading of prostate carcinoma on needle biopsies
    • Kronz J.D., Silberman M.A., Allsbrook Jr. W.C., et al. Pathology residents' use of a Web-based tutorial to improve Gleason grading of prostate carcinoma on needle biopsies. Hum Pathol 31 (2000) 1044-1050
    • (2000) Hum Pathol , vol.31 , pp. 1044-1050
    • Kronz, J.D.1    Silberman, M.A.2    Allsbrook Jr., W.C.3
  • 25
    • 0029807167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histological grade heterogeneity in multifocal prostate cancer. Biological and clinical implications
    • Ruijter E.T., van de Kaa C.A., Schalken J.A., et al. Histological grade heterogeneity in multifocal prostate cancer. Biological and clinical implications. J Pathol 180 (1996) 295-299
    • (1996) J Pathol , vol.180 , pp. 295-299
    • Ruijter, E.T.1    van de Kaa, C.A.2    Schalken, J.A.3
  • 26
    • 0020598531 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of histological grading (Gleason) in carcinoma of the prostate: Adverse influence of highest grade
    • McGowan D.G., Bain G.O., and Hanson J. Evaluation of histological grading (Gleason) in carcinoma of the prostate: Adverse influence of highest grade. Prostate 4 (1983) 111-118
    • (1983) Prostate , vol.4 , pp. 111-118
    • McGowan, D.G.1    Bain, G.O.2    Hanson, J.3
  • 27
    • 0028044995 scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity of prostate cancer in radical prostatectomy specimens
    • discussion 66-67
    • Aihara M., Wheeler T.M., Ohori M., et al. Heterogeneity of prostate cancer in radical prostatectomy specimens. Urology 43 (1994) 60-66 discussion 66-67
    • (1994) Urology , vol.43 , pp. 60-66
    • Aihara, M.1    Wheeler, T.M.2    Ohori, M.3
  • 28
    • 0034079667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prognostic significance of tertiary Gleason patterns of higher grade in radical prostatectomy specimens: A proposal to modify the Gleason grading system
    • Pan C.C., Potter S.R., Partin A.W., et al. The prognostic significance of tertiary Gleason patterns of higher grade in radical prostatectomy specimens: A proposal to modify the Gleason grading system. Am J Surg Pathol 24 (2000) 563-569
    • (2000) Am J Surg Pathol , vol.24 , pp. 563-569
    • Pan, C.C.1    Potter, S.R.2    Partin, A.W.3
  • 29
    • 24144493035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma
    • Epstein J.I., Allsbrook W.C., Amin M.B., et al. The 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 29 (2005) 1228-1242
    • (2005) Am J Surg Pathol , vol.29 , pp. 1228-1242
    • Epstein, J.I.1    Allsbrook, W.C.2    Amin, M.B.3
  • 30
    • 0026041160 scopus 로고
    • Transperineal ultrasound-guided implantation of the prostate: Morbidity and complications
    • Blasko J.C., Ragde H., and Grimm P.D. Transperineal ultrasound-guided implantation of the prostate: Morbidity and complications. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 137 (1991) 113-118
    • (1991) Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl , vol.137 , pp. 113-118
    • Blasko, J.C.1    Ragde, H.2    Grimm, P.D.3
  • 31
    • 0031038373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maximum androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer: A meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials using nonsteroidal antiandrogens
    • Caubet J.F., Tosteson T.D., Dong E.W., et al. Maximum androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer: A meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials using nonsteroidal antiandrogens. Urology 49 (1997) 71-78
    • (1997) Urology , vol.49 , pp. 71-78
    • Caubet, J.F.1    Tosteson, T.D.2    Dong, E.W.3
  • 32
    • 0031804260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of combined transient androgen deprivation and irradiation following radical prostatectomy for prostatic cancer
    • Eulau S.M., Tate D.J., Stamey T.A., et al. Effect of combined transient androgen deprivation and irradiation following radical prostatectomy for prostatic cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 41 (1998) 735-740
    • (1998) Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys , vol.41 , pp. 735-740
    • Eulau, S.M.1    Tate, D.J.2    Stamey, T.A.3
  • 33
    • 0030856678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved survival in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy and goserelin
    • Bolla M., Gonzalez D., Warde P., et al. Improved survival in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy and goserelin. N Engl J Med 337 (1997) 295-300
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.337 , pp. 295-300
    • Bolla, M.1    Gonzalez, D.2    Warde, P.3
  • 34
    • 11144347632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of supplemental external beam radiotherapy and/or androgen deprivation therapy on biochemical outcome after permanent prostate brachytherapy
    • Merrick G.S., Butler W.M., Wallner K.E., et al. Impact of supplemental external beam radiotherapy and/or androgen deprivation therapy on biochemical outcome after permanent prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 61 (2005) 32-43
    • (2005) Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys , vol.61 , pp. 32-43
    • Merrick, G.S.1    Butler, W.M.2    Wallner, K.E.3
  • 35
    • 34047275864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The five-year relapse-free and overall survival following permanent 125 iodine prostate brachytherapy
    • Morris W.J., Keyes M., McKenzie M., et al. The five-year relapse-free and overall survival following permanent 125 iodine prostate brachytherapy. J Radiother Oncol 80 S1 (2006) 42
    • (2006) J Radiother Oncol , vol.80 , Issue.SUPPL.1 , pp. 42
    • Morris, W.J.1    Keyes, M.2    McKenzie, M.3
  • 36
    • 0029780846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of hot flushes due to endocrine therapy for prostate carcinoma
    • discussion 1324
    • Smith Jr. J.A. Management of hot flushes due to endocrine therapy for prostate carcinoma. Oncology (Huntingt) 10 (1996) 1319-1322 discussion 1324
    • (1996) Oncology (Huntingt) , vol.10 , pp. 1319-1322
    • Smith Jr., J.A.1
  • 37
    • 0344378213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time to normalization of serum testosterone after 3-month luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist administered in the neoadjuvant setting: Implications for dosing schedule and neoadjuvant study consideration
    • Oefelein M.G. Time to normalization of serum testosterone after 3-month luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist administered in the neoadjuvant setting: Implications for dosing schedule and neoadjuvant study consideration. J Urol 160 (1998) 1685-1688
    • (1998) J Urol , vol.160 , pp. 1685-1688
    • Oefelein, M.G.1
  • 38
    • 0036471789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dosimetry of prostate brachytherapy-induced urethral strictures
    • Merrick G.S., Butler W.M., Tollenaar B.G., et al. The dosimetry of prostate brachytherapy-induced urethral strictures. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 52 (2002) 461-468
    • (2002) Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys , vol.52 , pp. 461-468
    • Merrick, G.S.1    Butler, W.M.2    Tollenaar, B.G.3
  • 39
    • 0037624941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term urinary quality of life after permanent prostate brachytherapy
    • Merrick G.S., Butler W.M., Wallner K.E., et al. Long-term urinary quality of life after permanent prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 56 (2003) 454-461
    • (2003) Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys , vol.56 , pp. 454-461
    • Merrick, G.S.1    Butler, W.M.2    Wallner, K.E.3
  • 41
    • 0036471475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing risk of acute urinary retention after TRUS-guided permanent prostate seed implantation
    • Crook J., McLean M., Catton C., et al. Factors influencing risk of acute urinary retention after TRUS-guided permanent prostate seed implantation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 52 (2002) 453-460
    • (2002) Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys , vol.52 , pp. 453-460
    • Crook, J.1    McLean, M.2    Catton, C.3
  • 42
    • 0034879805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient reported complications after prostate brachytherapy
    • Han B.H., Demel K.C., Wallner K., et al. Patient reported complications after prostate brachytherapy. J Urol 166 (2001) 953-957
    • (2001) J Urol , vol.166 , pp. 953-957
    • Han, B.H.1    Demel, K.C.2    Wallner, K.3
  • 43
    • 0036499149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for acute urinary retention requiring temporary intermittent catheterization after prostate brachytherapy: A prospective study
    • Locke J., Ellis W., Wallner K., et al. Risk factors for acute urinary retention requiring temporary intermittent catheterization after prostate brachytherapy: A prospective study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 52 (2002) 712-719
    • (2002) Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys , vol.52 , pp. 712-719
    • Locke, J.1    Ellis, W.2    Wallner, K.3
  • 44
    • 0035879669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute urinary toxicity following transperineal prostate brachytherapy using a modified Quimby loading method
    • Kang S.K., Chou R.H., Dodge R.K., et al. Acute urinary toxicity following transperineal prostate brachytherapy using a modified Quimby loading method. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 50 (2001) 937-945
    • (2001) Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys , vol.50 , pp. 937-945
    • Kang, S.K.1    Chou, R.H.2    Dodge, R.K.3
  • 45
    • 0036570337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictive factors of urinary retention following prostate brachytherapy
    • Bucci J., Morris W.J., Keyes M., et al. Predictive factors of urinary retention following prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 53 (2002) 91-98
    • (2002) Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys , vol.53 , pp. 91-98
    • Bucci, J.1    Morris, W.J.2    Keyes, M.3
  • 46
    • 0031806586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of Gleason score accuracy as a criterion for prostate brachytherapy patient selection
    • Merrick G.B.W., Farthing W., Dorsey A., et al. The impact of Gleason score accuracy as a criterion for prostate brachytherapy patient selection. J Brachyther Int 14 (1998) 113-121
    • (1998) J Brachyther Int , vol.14 , pp. 113-121
    • Merrick, G.B.W.1    Farthing, W.2    Dorsey, A.3
  • 47
    • 28244445598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gleason scoring varies among pathologists and this affects clinical risk in patients with prostate cancer
    • Sooriakumaran P., Lovell D.P., Henderson A., et al. Gleason scoring varies among pathologists and this affects clinical risk in patients with prostate cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 17 (2005) 655-658
    • (2005) Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) , vol.17 , pp. 655-658
    • Sooriakumaran, P.1    Lovell, D.P.2    Henderson, A.3
  • 48
    • 0035667653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contemporary update of prostate cancer staging nomograms (Partin Tables) for the new millennium
    • Partin A.W., Mangold L.A., Lamm D.M., et al. Contemporary update of prostate cancer staging nomograms (Partin Tables) for the new millennium. Urology 58 (2001) 843-848
    • (2001) Urology , vol.58 , pp. 843-848
    • Partin, A.W.1    Mangold, L.A.2    Lamm, D.M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.