Sonographic and vascular assessment of axillary lymph nodes: A review

Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 63-72

  Evans, Kevin D ^a   Boyd, Ashley ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Axillary lymph nodes; Breast cancer; Doppler; Metastasis; Older women

Indexed keywords

AGING; ANGIOGENESIS; AXILLARY LYMPH NODE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER RISK; COLOR ULTRASOUND FLOWMETRY; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; ECHOGRAPHY; GRAY SCALE ECHOGRAPHY; HUMAN; METASTASIS; POWER DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPECTRAL DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY;

EID: 34047270595     PISSN: 87564793     EISSN: 15525430     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/8756479306296949     Document Type: Review

References (37)

1. Abraham C., Seremetis S.: Breast health at midlife: guidelines for screening and patient evaluation. Geriatrics 1997 ; 52: 58 - 66.
2. Kantor D., Houldin A.: Breast cancer in older women: treatment, psychosocial effects, interventions, and outcomes. J Gerontol Nurs 1999 ; 12: 19 - 25.
3. Randolph W., Goodwin J., Manhken J., Freeman J.: Regular mammography use is associated with elimination of age-related disparities in size and stage of breast cancer at diagnosis. Ann Intern Med 2002 ; 137: 783 - 790.
4. Mitchell R., Cotran R.: Acute and chronic inflammation, in Kumar V, Cotran R, Robbins S (eds): Basic Pathology. 7 th ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, 2003, pp 33 - 59.
5. Kumar V., Cotran R., Robbins S.: Neoplasia, in Kumar V, Cotran R, Robbins S (eds): Basic Pathology. 7 th ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, 2003, pp 165 - 210.
6. Ikeda D., Dirbas F.: The postoperative breast and breast cancer treatment-related imaging, in Ikeda D (ed): Breast Imaging: The Requisites. Philadelphia, Elsevier / Mosby, 2004, pp 225 - 251.
7. Sarmiento R., Franceschini R., Meo S.,, et al. Circulating vascular endothelial growth factor: methods, prognostic significance, and potential application for antiangiogenic therapy, in Giampietro G, Hayes D (eds): Biomarkers in Breast Cancer. Totawa, NJ, Humana, 2000, pp 267 - 292.
8. Chu K., Giuliano A.: Potential and pitfalls of sentinel node detection in breast cancer, in Schlag P, Veronesi U (eds): Recent Results in Cancer Research: Lymphatic Metastasis and Sentinel Lymphonodectomy. Berlin, Springer, 2000, pp 237 - 249.
9. Wittekind C.: Diagnosis and staging of lymph node metastasis, in Schlag P, Veronesi U (eds): Recent Results in Cancer Research: Lymphatic Metastasis and Sentinel Lymphonodectomy. Berlin, Springer, 2000, pp 20 - 28.
10. Lanfranchi M.: Breast Ultrasound. New York, Marban, 2000.
11. Daigle R.: Techniques in Noninvasive Vascular Diagnosis. Littleton, CO, Summer Publishing, 2002.
12. Lernevall A.: Imaging of axillary lymph nodes. Acta Oncologica 2000 ; 39: 277 - 281.
13. Mobbs L., Jannicky E., Weaver D.,, et al. The accuracy of sonography in detecting abnormal axillary lymph nodes with breast cancer is present. J Diagn Med Sonography 2005 ; 21: 297-303.
14. Lemos S., Dias M., Goncalo M.,, et al. Detection of axillary metastases in breast cancer patients using ultrasound and colour Doppler combined with fine needle aspiration cytology. Eur J Gynecol Oncol 2005 ; 26: 165 - 166.
15. Kang D., Jung Y., Yim H.: The role of breast US in evaluating extensive intraductal component and axillary lymph node metastasis in patients with invasive breast carcinoma. Ultrasound Med Biol 2006 ; 32: P203.
16. Kim P., Kim H., Shin H.,, et al. The clinical utility of sonographic evaluation of supraclavicular and internal mammary lymph node in patients with breast cancer. Ultrasound Med Biol 2006 ; 32: P206.
17. Stavros A.: Evaluation of regional lymph nodes in breast cancer patients, in Stavros A, Rapp C, Parker S (eds): Breast Ultrasound. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2004, pp 834 - 876.
18. Dixon J., Walsh J., Paterson D.,, et al. Colour Doppler ultrasonography studies of benign and malignant breast lesions. Br J Surg 1992 ; 79: 259 - 260.
19. Walsh J., Dixon J., Chetty U.,, et al. Colour Doppler studies of axillary node metastases in breast carcinoma. Clin Radiol 1994 ; 49: 189 - 191.
20. Yang W., Metreweli C., Lam P.,, et al. Benign and malignant breast masses and axillary nodes: evaluation with echo-enhancing color power Doppler ultrasound. Radiology 2001 ; 220: 795 - 802.
21. Tschammler A., Beer M., Hahn D.: Differential diagnosis of lymphadenopathy: power Doppler vs. color Doppler sonography. Eur Radiol 2002 ; 12: 1794 - 1799.
22. Kubota K., Ogawa Y., Nishigawa T.,, et al. Tissue harmonic imaging sonography of the axillary lymph nodes: evaluation of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Oncol Rep 2003 ; 10: 1911 - 1914.
23. Shirakawa T., Miyamoto Y., Yamagishi J.,, et al. Color/ power Doppler sonographic differential diagnosis of superficial lymphadenopathy: metastasis, malignant lymphoma, and benign process. J Ultrasound Med 2001 ; 20: 525 - 532.
24. Zwiebel W.: Introduction to Vascular Ultrasonography. 4 th ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, 2000.
25. Ho S., Metreweli C., Ahuja A.: Does anybody know how we should measure Doppler parameters in lymph nodes? Clin Radiol. 2001 ; 56: 124 - 126.
26. Yang W., Metreweli C.: Color Doppler flow in normal axillary lymph nodes. Br J Radiol 1998 ; 71: 381 - 383.
27. Eksioglu A., Ozdemir A., Ozdemir H.: Differential diagnosis of axillary lymph nodes: usefulness of gray-scale and color-power Doppler sonography. Tani Girisim Radyol 2003 ; 9: 455 - 451.
28. Schulte-Altedroneburg G., Demharter J., Linne R.,, et al. Does ultrasound contrast agent improve the diagnostic value of color and power Doppler sonography in superficial lymph node enlargement? Eur J Radiol 2003 ; 48: 252 - 257.
29. Dragoni F., Cartoni C., Pescarmona E.,, et al. The role of high resolution pulsed and color Doppler ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant lymphadenopathy. Cancer 2000 ; 85: 2485 - 2490.
30. Yang W., Chang J., Metreweli C.: Patients with breast cancer: differences in color Doppler flow and gray scale US features of benign and malignant axillary lymph nodes. Radiology 2000 ; 215: 568 - 573.
31. Bedrosian I., Deepak B., Kuerer H.,, et al. Impact of clinicopathological factors on sensitivity of axillary ultrasonography in detection of axillary nodal metastases in patients with breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2003 ; 10: 1025 - 1030.
32. Stramare R., Tregnaghi A., Fitta C.,, et al. High sensitivity power Doppler imaging of normal superficial lymph nodes. J Clin Ultrasound 2004 ; 32: 273 - 276.
33. Okuyama N., Murakuni H., Ogata H.: The use of Doppler ultrasound in evaluation of breast cancer metastasis to axillary lymph nodes. Oncol Rep 2004 ; 11: 389 - 393.
34. Couto D., Dias M., Concalo M.,, et al. Diagnostic value of ultrasound and color Doppler in identifying axillary lymph node metastases in patients with breast cancer. Eur J Oncol 2004 ; 25: 568 - 570.
35. Shetty M., Carpenter W.: Sonographic evaluation of isolated abnormal axillary lymph nodes identified on mammograms. J Ultrasound Med 2004 ; 23: 63 - 71.
36. Esen G., Gurses B., Yilmaz M.,, et al. Gray scale and power Doppler us in the preoperative evaluation of axillary metastases in breast cancer patients with no palpable lymph nodes. Eur Radiol 2005 ; 15: 1215 - 1223.
37. Azavedo E.: Breast cancer: correlations between imaging and morphological details, in Gourtsoyiannis N, Ros P (eds): Radiologic-Pathologic Correlations From Head to Toe: Understanding the Manifestations of Disease. Berlin, Springer, 2005, pp 785 - 789.