Special issue on health risks of perinatal exposure to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis

Volumn 48, Issue 3-4, 2007, Pages 159-165

  Walker, Vernon E ^a   Poirier, Miriam C ^b  

^a LOVELACE RESPIRATORY RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LAMIVUDINE; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; ZIDOVUDINE;

CARCINOGENESIS; DISORDERS OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS; EDITORIAL; HEALTH HAZARD; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 INFECTION; LONG TERM CARE; MUTAGENESIS; NONHUMAN; PERINATAL CARE; PERINATAL DRUG EXPOSURE; PERINATAL PERIOD; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT PLANNING; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

ANIMALS; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; LAMIVUDINE; MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE DELAYED EFFECTS; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS; RISK ASSESSMENT; ZIDOVUDINE;

EID: 34047242572     PISSN: 08936692     EISSN: 10982280     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/em.20296     Document Type: Editorial

References (64)

1. Ayers KM, Clive D, Tucker WE Jr, Hajian G, de Miranda P. 1996. Non-clinical toxicology studies with zidovudine: Genetic toxicity tests and carcinogenicity bioassays in mice and rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 32:148-158.
2. Ayers KM, Torrey CE, Reynolds DJ. 1997. A transplacental carcinogenicity bioassay in CD-1 mice with zidovudine. Fundam Appl Toxicol 38:195-198.
3. Barbaro G, Scozzafava A, Mastrolorenzo A, Supuran CT. 2005. Highly active antiretroviral therapy: Current status of the art, new agents and their pharmacological interactions useful for improving therapeutic outcome. Current Pharm Design 11:1805-1843.
4. Benhammou V, Tardieu M, Warszawski J, Blanche S, for French Perinatal Cohort. 2007. Clinical mitochondrial dysfunction in uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers following perinatal exposure to nucleoside analogues. Environ Mol Mutagen 48:173-178.
5. Bhana N, Ormrod D, Perry CM, Figgitt DP. 2002. Zidovudine: A review of its use in the management of vertically-acquired pediatric HIV infection. Paediatr Drugs 4:515-553.
6. Bishop JB, Witt KL, Tice RR, Wolfe GW. 2004a. Genetic damage detected in CD-1 mouse pups exposed perinatally to 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine and dideoxyinosine via maternal dosing, nursing, and direct gavage. Environ Mol Mutagen 43:3-9.
7. Bishop JB, Tani Y, Witt K, Johnson JA, Peddada S, Dunnick J, Nyska A. 2004b. Mitochondrial damage revealed by morphometric and semiquantitative analysis of mouse pup cardiomyocytes following in utero and postnatal exposure to zidovudine and lamivudine. Toxicol Sci 81:512-517.
8. Blanche S, Tardieu M, Rustin P, Slama A, Barret B, Firtion G, Ciraru-Vigneron N, Lacroix C, Rouzioux C, Mandelbrot L, Desguerre I, Rotig A, Mayaux MJ, Delfraissy JF. 1999. Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and perinatal exposure to antiretroviral nucleoside analogues. Lancet 354:1084-1089.
9. Blanche S, Tardieu M, Benhammou V, Warszawski J, Rustin P. 2006. Mitochondrial dysfunction following perinatal exposure to nucleoside analogues. AIDS 20:1685-1690.
10. Capparelli E, Rakhmanina N, Mirochnick M. 2005. Pharmacotherapy of perinatal HIV. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 10:161-175.
11. Carter MM, Torres SM, McCash CL, Yu M, Griegos J, Walker VE, Walker DM. 2007. Relative mutagenic potencies of several nucleoside analogs, alone or in drug pairs, at the HPRT and TK loci of human TK6 lymphoblastoid cells. Environ Mol Mutagen 48:239-247.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2005. USPHS task force recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women infected with HIV-1 for maternal health and for reducing perinatal HIV-1 transmission in the United States. Available at URL: http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines.
13. Chan SS, Santos JH, Meyer JN, Mandavilli BS, Cook DL Jr, McCash CL, Kissling GE, Nyska A, Foley JF, van Houten B, Copeland WC, Walker VE, Witt KL, Bishop JB. 2007. Mitochondrial toxicity in hearts of CD-1 mice following perinatal exposure to AZT, 3TC, or AZT/3TC in combination. Environ Mol Mutagen 48:190-200.
14. Connor EM, Sperling RS, Belber R, Kiselev P, Scott G, O'Sullivan JM, VanDyke R, Bey M, Shearer W, Jacobson RL, Jimenez E, O'Neill E, Bazin B, Delfraissy J-F, Culnane M, Coombs R, Elkins M, Moye J, Statton P, Balsley J, for the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. 1994. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. N Engl J Med 331:1173-1180.
15. Cooper ER, Charurat M, Mofenson L, Hanson IC, Pitt J, Diaz C, Hayani K, Handelsman E, Smeriglio V, Hoff R, Blattner W; Women's and Infants' Transmission Study Group. 2002. Combination antiretroviral strategies for the treatment of pregnant HIV-1-infected women and prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 29:484-494.
16. Dagan T, Sable C, Bray J, Gerschenson M. 2002. Mitochondrial dysfunction and antiretroviral nucleoside analog toxicities: what is the evidence? Mitochondrion 1:397-412.
17. Divi RL, Walker VE, Wade NA, Nagashima K, Seilkop SK, Adams ME, Nesel CJ, O'Neill JP, Abrams EJ, Poirier MC. 2004. Mitochondrial damage and DNA depletion in cord blood and umbilical cord from infants exposed in utero to Combivir. AIDS 18:1013-1021.
18. Divi RL, Haverkos KJ, Humsi JA, Shockley ME, Thamire C, Nagashima K, Olivero OA, Poirier MC. 2007a. Morphological and molecular course of mitochondrial pathology in cultured human cells exposed long-term to zidovudine. Environ Mol Mutagen 48:179-189.
19. Divi RL, Leonard SL, Kuo MM, Nagashima K, Thamire C, St Claire MC, Wade NA, Walker VE, Poirier MC. 2007b. Transplacentally exposed human and monkey newborn infants show similar evidence of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial toxicity. Environ Mol Mutagen 48:201-209.
20. Diwan BA, Riggs CW, Logsdon D, Haines DC, Olivero OA, Rice JM, Yuspa SH, Poirier MC, Anderson LM. 1999. Multiorgan transplacental and neonatal carcinogenicity of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 161:82-99.
21. / mice. Mutat Res 570:227-235.
22. Dobrovolsky VN, Shaddock JG, Mittelstaedt RA, Bishop ME, Lewis SM, Lee FW, Aidoo A, Leakey JEA, Dunnick JK, Heflich, RH. 2007. Frequency of Hprt mutant lympohocytes and micronucleated erythrocytes in p53-haplodeficient mice treated perinatally with AZT and AZT in combination with 3TC. Environ Mol Mutagen 48:270-282.
23. Dorenbaum A, Cunningham CK, Gelber RD, Culnane M, Mofenson L, Britto P, Rekacewicz C, Newell ML, Delfraissy JF, Cunningham-Schrader B, Mirochnick M, Sullivan JL;International PACTG 316 Team. 2002. Two-dose intrapartum/newborn nevirapine and standard antiretroviral therapy to reduce perinatal HIV transmission: A randomized trial. JAMA 288:189-198.
24. Escobar P, Olivero OA, Wade NA, Abrams EJ, Nesel CJ, Ness RB, Day RD, Day BW, Meng Q, O'Neill JP, Walker DM, Poirier MC, Walker VE, Bigbee WL, for the Study Team. 2007. Genotoxicity assessed by the Comet and GPA assays following in vitro exposure of human lymphoblastoid cells (H9) or perinatal exposure of mother-child pairs to AZT or AZT-3TC. Environ Mol Mutagen 48:330-343.
25. European Collaborative Study. 2005. Mother to child transmission of HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 40:458-465.
26. Gerschenson M, Poirier MC. 2000. Fetal patas monkeys sustain mitochondrial toxicity as a result of in utero zidovudine exposure. Ann N Y Acad Sci 918:269-281.
27. Gerschenson M, Erhart SW, Paik CY, St Claire MC, Nagashima K, Skopets B, Harbaugh SW, Harbaugh JW, Quan W, Poirier MC. 2000. Fetal mitochondrial heart and skeletal muscle damage in Erythrocebus patas monkeys exposed in utero to 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 16:635-644.
28. Gerschenson M, Nguyen V, Ewings EL, Ceresa A, Shaw JA, St Claire MC, Nagashima K, Harbaugh SW, Harbaugh JW, Olivero OA, Divi RL, Albert PS, Poirier MC. 2004. Mitochondrial toxicity in fetal Erythrocebus patas monkeys exposed transplacentally to zidovudine plus lamivudine. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 20:91-100.
29. Hammer SM, Saag MS, Schechter M, Montaner JS, Schooley RT, Jacobsen DM, Thompson MA, Carpenter CC, Fishl MA, Gazzard BG, Gatell JM, Hirsch MS, Katzenstein DA, Richman DD, Vella S, Yeni PG, Volberding PA;International AIDS Society-USA Panel. 2006. Treatment of adult HIV infection: 2006 recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel. JAMA 296:827-843.
30. Hong H-H, Dunnick J, Herbert R, Devereux TR, Kim Y, Sills RC. 2007. Genetic alterations in K-ras and p53 cancer genes in lung neoplasms of Swiss (CD-1) male mice following AZT transplacental exposure. Environ Mol Mutagen 48:299-306.
31. Kohler JJ, Lewis W. 2007. Review: A brief overview of mechanisms of mitochondrial toxicity from NRTIs. Environ Mol Mutagen 48:166-172.
32. IARC 2000. General remarks and the monograph on zidovudine. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Some Antiviral and Antineoplastic Drugs, and Other Pharmaceutical Agents. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publications. Vol. 76. pp 32-35, 73-127.
33. Meng Q, Olivero OA, Fasco MJ, Bellisario R, Kaminsky LS, Pass KA, Abrams EJ, Wade NA, Poirier MC, Walker VE, protocol team. 2007. Plasma and cellular markers of AZT metabolism as indicators of DNA damage in cord blood mononuclear cells from infants receiving prepartum NRTIs. Environ Mol Mutagen 48:307-321.
34. Minkoff H, Ahdieh L, Watts DF, Greenblatt RM, Schmidt J, Schneider M, Stek A. 2001. The relationship of pregnancy to the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 184:1221-1227.
35. -/- mice treated as neonates with 3′-azido-3′- deoxythymidine (AZT). Mutat Res 547:63-69.
36. Mofenson LM. 2004. Successes and challenges in the perinatal HIV-1 epidemic in the United States as illustrated by the HIV-1 serosurvey of child-bearing women. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 158:422-425.
37. National Toxicology Program (NTP). 2006. NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of transplacental 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) (CAS No. 30516-87-1) in Swiss (CD-1(R)) mice (in utero studies). Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser 522:1-184.
38. Oldfield V, Plosker GL. 2006. Lopinavir/ritonavir: A review of its use in the management of HIV infection. Drugs 66:1275-1299.
39. Olivero OA. 2007. Mechanisms of genotoxicity of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Environ Mol Mutagen 48:215-223.
40. Olivero OA, Anderson LM, Diwan BA, Haines DC, Harbaugh SW, Moskal TJ, Jones AB, Rice JM, Riggs CW, Logsdon D, Yuspa SH, Poirier MC. 1997. Transplacental effects of 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT): Tumorigenicity in mice and genotoxicity in mice and monkeys. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:1602-1608.
41. Olivero OA, Shearer GM, Chougnet CA, Kovacs AA, Landay AL, Baker R, Stek AM, Khoury MM, Proia LA, Kessler HA, Sha BE, Tarone RE, Poirier MC. 1999. Incorporation of zidovudine into leukocyte DNA from HIV-1-positive adults and pregnant women, and cord blood from infants exposed in utero. AIDS 13:919-925.
42. Olivero OA, Shearer GM, Chougnet CA, Kovacs AA, Baker R, Stek AM, Khoury MM, Poirier MC. 2000. Incorporation of zidovudine into cord blood DNA of infants and peripheral blood DNA of their HIV-1-positive mothers. Ann N Y Acad Sci 918:262-268.
43. O'Neill JP, Gundel RM, Trombley LM, Walker VE. 2001. HPRT mutant frequency and mutation spectra in newborns with perinatal exposure to antiviral drugs. Environ Mol Mutagen 37(Suppl. 32):58.
44. Poirier MC, Divi RL, Al-Harthi L, Olivero OA, Nguyen V, Walker B, Landay AL, Walker VE, Charurat M, Blattner WA. 2003. Long-term mitochondrial toxicity in HIV-uninfected infants born to HIV-infected mothers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 33:175-183.
45. Poirier MC, Olivero OA, Walker DM, Walker VE. 2004. Perinatal genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of anti-retroviral nucleoside analog drugs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 199:151-161.
46. Reggy AA, Rogers MF, Simonds RJ. 1997. Using 3′-azido-2′, 3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT) to prevent perinatal human immunodeficiency virus transmission and risk of transplacental carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:1566-1567.
47. Senda S, Blanche S, Costagliola D, Cibert C, Nigon F, Firtion G, Floch C, Parat S, Viegas-Peguignot E. Altered heterochromatin organization after perinatal exposure to zidovudine (AZT). Antiviral Ther (in press).
48. Shiramizu B, Shikuma KM, Kamemoto L, Gerschenson M, Erdem G, Pinti M, Cossarizza A, Shikuma C. 2003. Placenta and cord blood mitochondrial DNA toxicity in HIV-infected women receiving nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors during pregnancy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 32:370-374.
49. Spector SA, Saitoh A. 2006. Mitochondrial dysfunction: Prevention of HIV-1 mother-to-infant transmission outweighs fear. AIDS 20:1777-1778.
50. Sperling RS, Shapiro DE, Coombs RW, Todd JA, Herman SA, McSherry GD, O'Sullivan MJ, Van Dyke RB, Jimenez E, Rouzioux C, Flynn PM, Sullivan JL, for the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. 1996. Maternal viral load, zidovudine treatment, and the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from mother to infant. N Engl J Med 335:1621-1629.
51. Stek AM, Mirochnick M, Capparelli E, Best BM, Hu C, Burchett SK, Elgie C, Holland DT, Smith E, Tuomala R, Cotter A, Read JS. 2006. Reduced lopinavir exposure during pregnancy. AIDS 20:1931-1939.
52. Torres SM, Walker DM, Carter MM, Cook DLJ, Walker VE. 2007. Mutagenicity of zidovudine, lamivudine, and abacavir following exposure of human lymphoblastoid cells to single agents or drug combinations. Environ Mol Mutagen 48:224-238.
53. Vivet-Boudou V, Didierjean J, Isel C, Marquet R. 2006. Nucleoside and nucleotide inhibitors of HIV-replication. Cell Mol Life Sci 63:163-186.
54. Volmink J, Siegrfried N, van der Merwe L, Brocklehurst P. 2007. Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD003510.
55. -/- mice treated neonatally with zidovudine and lamivudine. Carcinogenesis 23:1427-1432.
56. Von Tungeln LS, Dobrovolsky VN, Bishop ME, Shaddock JG, Heflich RH, Beland FA. 2004. Frequency of Tk and Hprt lymphocyte mutants and bone marrow micronuclei in mice treated neonatally with zidovudine and didanosine. Mutagen 19:307-311.
57. Von Tungeln LS, Williams LD, Doerge DR, Shaddock JG, McGarrity LJ, Morris SM, Mittelstaedt RA, Heflich RH, Beland FA. 2007. Transplacental drug transfer and frequency of Tk and Hprt lymphocyte mutants and peripheral blood micronuclei in mice treated transplacentally with zidovudine and lamivudine. Environ Mol Mutagen 48:258-269.
58. Walker DM, Poirier MC, Campen MJ, Cook DL Jr, Divi RL, Nagashima K, Lund AK, Cossey PY, Hahn FF, Walker VE. 2004. Persistence of mitochondrial toxicity in hearts of female B6C3F1 mice exposed in utero to 3′-azido-3′- deoxythymidine. Cardiovasc Toxicol 4:133-153.
59. Walker DM, Malarkey DE, Seilkop SK, Ruecker FA, Funk KA, Wolfe MJ, Treanor CP, Foley JF, Hahn FF, Hardisty JF, Walker VE. 2007. Transplacental carcinogenicity of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine in B6C3F1 mice and F344 rats. Environ Mol Mutagen 48:283-298.
60. Watts DH. 2006. Treating HIV during pregnancy. An update on safety issues. Drug Safety 29:467-490.
61. Witt KL, Tice RR, Wolfe GW, Bishop JB. 2004. Genetic damage detected in CD-1 mouse pups exposed perinatally to 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine or dideoxyinosine via maternal dosing, nursing, and direct gavage: II. Effects of the individual agents compared to combination treatment. Environ Mol Mutagen 44:321-328.
62. Witt KL, Cunningham CK, Patterson KB, Kissling GE, Dertinger SD, Livingston E, Bishop JB. 2007. Elevated frequencies of micor-nucleated erythrocytes in infants exposed to zidovudine in utero and postpartum to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Environ Mol Mutagen 48:322-329.
63. Wogan GN. 2007. Commentary: Does perinatal antiretroviral therapy create an iatrogenic cancer risk? Environ Mol Mutagen 48:210-214.
64. Zhang A, Diwan BA, Anderson LM, Logsdon D, Olivero OA, Haines DC, Rice JM, Yuspa SH, Poirier MC. 1998. Skin tumorigenesis and Ki-ras and Ha-ras mutations in tumors from adult mice exposed in utero to 3′-azido-3′- deoxythymidine. Mol Carcinog 23:45-51.