History, population policies, and fertility decline in eastern europe: A case study

Journal of Family History

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 179-192

  Bradatan, Cristina ^a   Firebaugh, Glenn ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA   (United States)

^b Department of Sociology and Demography   (United States)

^c PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Abortion; Eastern Europe; Fertility decline; History; Population policy; Romania

Indexed keywords

EID: 34047220966     PISSN: 03631990     EISSN: 15525473     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0363199006297732     Document Type: Review

References (47)

1. In this article we include in "Eastern Europe" only Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Poland.
2. E. Fra̧tczak and Michele Rivkin-Fish, "Low fertility and Social Policy: Comparing Poland and Russia" (paper presented at PAA, 2005).
3. Dimiter Philipov and Hans-Peter Kohler, "Tempo effects in the fertility decline in Eastern Europe: Evidence from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Russia," European Journal of Population (2001).
4. Nicholas Eberstadt, "Demographic Shocks after Communism: Eastern Germany 1989-1993." Population and Development Review 20, no.1 (1994): 137-152.
5. Priya Ranjan, "Fertility Behaviour under Income Uncertainty," European Journal of Population 15 (1999): 25-43.
6. Elwood Carlson and Meguni Omori, "Fertility Regulations in a Declining State Socialist Economy: Bulgaria, 1976-1995," International Family Planning Perspectives, 24, no.4 (1998): 184-7.
7. Tornáš Sobotka, Kryštof Zeman, and Vladimíra Kantorová. "Second Demographic Transition in the Czech Republic: Stages, Specific Features and Underlying Factors" (paper presented at the EURESCO Conference The Second Demographic Transition in Europe, Bad Herrenalb, Germany, 23-28, June 2001).
8. Ranjan, "Fertility Behaviour under Income Uncertainty," 17.
9. Reproductive Health Survey, Romania (1999), 32.
10. Carlson and Omori, "Fertility Regulations," 187.
11. See, for example, Ewa Fra̧tczak and Aneta Ptak-Chmielewska, "Fertility and Family Life Cycle Changes in Poland and the Second Demographic Transition" (EURESCO Conference The Second Demographic Transition in Europe, Bad Herrenalb, Germany, 23-28, June 2001) and Zeman Sobotka and Kantorová (2001).
12. Paul Demeny, "Pronatalist Policies in Low-Fertility Countries: Patterns, Performances, and Prospects," Population and Development Review 12 (1986), Issue Supplement: Below Replacement Fertility in Industrial Societies: Causes, Consequences, Policies: 335-358.
13. Bernard Berelson, "An Evaluation of the Effects of Population Control Programs," Studies in Family Planning 5, no.1 (1974): 2-12.
14. U.S. Commission, 1972a, 88; see also Demeny, 1986.
15. Ewa Fra̧tczak, Margarete Kulik, and Marcin Malinowski, "Legal Regulations related to Demographic Events and Processes: Social Policy Pertaining to Children and Family - Poland, Selected years 1945-2003," European Population Conference in Warsaw (Aug. 26-30, 2003): 15-19.
16. Anna Titkow, "Poland," in From Abortion to Contraception: A Resource to Public Policies and Reproductive Behavior in Central and Eastern Europe from 1917 to the Present, eds. Henry P. David and Joanna Skilogianis (London: Greenwood Press, 1999), 165-190.
17. Vladimir Wynnyczuk and Radim Uzel, "Czech Republic and Slovak Republic," in From Abortion to Contraception, eds. Henry P. David and Joanna Skilogianis (London: Greenwood Press, 1999), 91-120, 101.
18. Ibid., 102
19. David, Henry. 1999. "Hungary," in From Abortion to Contraception, eds. Henry P. David and Joanna Skilogianis (London: Greenwood Press, 1999), 45-164, 147.
20. Béla Tomka, "Demographic Diversity and Convergence in Europe, 1918-1990: The Hungarian Case," Demographic Research 6 (2002), http://www.demographic-research.org. Tomka, 2002, 11.
21. Among the state socialist countries, only Albania had a similar strict pro-natalist law. However, because of the limited data on Albania, we have not included this country in our study. TFR for Romania was 2.2 in 1989, and only Albania had a higher TFR than Romania, among the former state socialist countries.
22. Nikolai Botev, "Nuptiality in the Course of the Demographic Transition: The Experience of the Balkan Countries," Population Studies 44 (1990): 107-26.
23. Lucia Roznatovschi and Mihaela Antal, Avortul spontan in Romania in anul 1992. studiu pe esantion [Spontaneous Abortion in Romania in 1992: A Sampling Study], Ministry of Health, Centre for Computations and Health Statistics (1993), 1.
24. M. Bucur, Eugenics and Modernization in Interwar Romania (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2002), 201.
25. Ibid, 204.
26. Ibid, 206.
27. Gail Kligman, The Politics of Duplicity: Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania (Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press, 1998), 47.
28. A. Avdeev, "The Extent of the Fertility Decline in Russia: Is the One-Child Family Here to Stay?" (paper presented at the IUSSP Seminar on International Perspectives on Low Fertility: Trends, theories and policies, Tokyo, 2001), 13.
29. Fra̧tczak et al., "Legal Regulations."
30. Sobotka et al., "Second Demographic Transition," 4.
31. Dmiter Vassiliev, "Bulgaria," in From Abortion to Contraception, eds. Henry P. David and Joanna Skilogianis (London: Greenwood Press, 1999), 69-90.
32. M. Bucur, Eugenics, 221.
33. Scanteia, 4, 1966, 2.
34. Scanteia, August 17, 1966, 1.
35. Scanteia, August 21, 1966, 2.
36. Scanteia, 19, 1966, 2.
37. Scanteia, September 23, 1966, 2.
38. Scanteia, September 24, 1966, 1.
39. Scanteia, September 25, 1966, 1-2.
40. Scanteia, October 2, 1966, 1.
41. Bucur, Eugenics, 228.
42. Roznatovschi and Antal, "Spontaneous Abortion in Romania."
43. Th. Ilea, P. Muregan, I. Ionescu, A. Pavel, M. Bilegan, and M. Teodorescu. "Cercetǎri medico-sociale asupra fertilitǎ ţii din R.S.România" [Socio-medical Studies of Fertility in R.S. Romania], Romanian Ministry of Health (1969).
44. Ibid.
45. Romanian Census, 2002.
46. We also assumed zero mortality for these women. Women with many children tend to have a low socioeconomic status, so they also have higher mortality rates. By assuming zero mortality, our simulated cohort fertility overestimated the values that would have been (because we keep all the women, while at the census the data are recorded only from those who are alive, and those with low socioeconomic status/high risk of mortality are underrepresented there).
47. Parity specific fertility rates were only available for five year age groups. We did not include the age group fifteen to nineteen in the computations because they were only forty to forty-four in 1992, so their fertility was not completed. Note also that, because the 1977 census was taken eleven years after the 1966 census, there is a one-year difference in the year of birth between the simulated cohorts and those recorded in 1977. We assumed that this difference did not play a major role in the results. The same is true for 1992 census, which is twenty-six years, instead of twenty-five years, later than the 1966 census.